Books and Practical Experience

Between books and practical experience, one is more likely to find gain more learning on the latter because there is nothing that compares to the blending of humans and the experience that molds them. As an old adage says, â€Å"Experience is the best teacher. † Books are meant to be a comprehensive textual guide to anything and everything under the sun. It may be safe to assume that each and every experience ever known to man since time immemorial has been written in all the books across the world. Certainly, books are useful to the world and it educates mankind from one generation to another.However, practical experience starts from birth (in fact, it starts upon conception), which is long before anyone could read books. Practical experience is that which effectively teaches a person what works and what doesn’t work in the everyday routine of life. Experience teaches one how to gauge the weight of things so decisions are easier to make when you are equipped with exper ience as opposed to being guided by all the best books ever written on earth. Still, in fairness to books and their importance to life, some significant matters like dealing with pregnancy, especially first time pregnancy, cannot be entrusted to practical experience.Helpful books that are guides to pregnancy are necessary for first time mothers because quite obviously, they do not have the experience to guide them through the initial experience. However, when it comes to the â€Å"next pregnancy,† mothers are already equipped with the necessary practical experience that will enable them to identify the things that work, does not work, or even the things that are potentially harmless for them in their condition. Books on the subject of History, Mathematics and Science are also important, and no amount of practical experience can outweigh the knowledge gathered by books of these subjects.However, practical experience will enrich these books further, at least in the minds of its readers. The strategies of Napoleon Bonaparte, for instance, can only mean something to the present generation once some practical experience of some authority brings Napoleon Bonaparte’s strategies to life in the present time. Therefore, it is still practical experience that gives life to books. Suffice it to say that nothing beats practical experience in helping man accomplish his goals and endeavors in life, because ultimately, the greatest lessons are lived, not read.Millions of books on self-empowerment have also been lucrative on the publishing industry. The truth, however, is that if man listens to the pieces of advice of their parents, or their neighbors, or the news features and entertainment motion pictures delivered by the media, books are virtually unnecessary as a reference to amassing wealth or developing oneself. The truth, in a nutshell, is that man can live without books, but man’s failure to learn from practical experience has all the potential to ca use his doom.

Contrast in Conrad’s “Heart of Darkness”

Conrad uses contrast in his novel â€Å"Heart of Darkness†. Conrad would use contrast to convey meaning in his writing. Not only did contrast help convey meaning, but he also used it to show feelings. Of the many contrast in â€Å"Heart of Darkness† the difference of light and dark and the difference between the Thames River and the Congo River are the most obvious. The biggest contrast in â€Å"Heart of Darkness† is the difference between light and dark. London represents the light. London is in civilization, and if London represents the light, then civilization also has a big thing to do with light.The light represents everything that everyone has learned in their life, whether it was through experiences or through other peoples mistakes. On the other side there is the darkness. Africa is the main representation of darkness. Africa was uncivilized territory that everyone wanted to explore, but the darkness frightened people. Everything that happened in the dark ness, â€Å"cannibals† and â€Å"savages† prowled the darkness, awaiting travelers. Africa is the â€Å"heart of darkness†. The contrast of the Thames River and the Congo River is also big in the story.The Thames is characterized as calm. Like the light the Thames represents good. The light from London makes sure the river is seen and nothing is cryptic about the river. On the other hand, the Congo is a dark, cryptic river. It is a place of evil. The contrast of these two rivers is the difference between the good and the evil, and light and dark. The Thames is peaceful and tranquil; it symbolizes light and civilization. The Congo is wild and barbaric; it symbolizes the dark and everything uncivilized and frightening.

AN ANALYTICAL REPORT ON THREE CHARITABLE ORGANIZATIONS Research Paper

AN ANALYTICAL REPORT ON THREE CHARITABLE ORGANIZATIONS - Research Paper Example The United States has numerous charitable organizations running various philanthropist programs in various sectors of the society. As such, donating in any of the charitable organizations requires effective analysis of the specific organizations in order to safeguard an individual’s values. Individuals managing the charitable organizations are human just as any one else. This implies that they possess a quality of greed and would always want to enrich themselves from the positions of leadership and management. Charitable organizations just as any other organization therefore require a degree of accountability. Before donating to a charity organization, it becomes prudent to evaluate and analyze the administrative structures of an organization, its projects and its ability to achieve its goals. In doing this, the researcher in this context selects three of such organizations he believes are most deserving and analyses their structures thus justifying his selection based on the quality of management in the organizations and the effectiveness of the philanthropic projects the organizations run within the country. Anyone donating always hopes to help the people. With this understanding, the research investigates the ability of the selected charitable organizations to influ ence the lives of the public. The three charitable organization selected for the review are United Way, Feeding America and The Task Force for Global Health. The three are among the largest and most popular charitable organizations in the United States, the three in various sectors of the society and run various charitable programs all of which seek to improve the social wellbeing of the American citizenry. The three organizations enjoy a national outlook owing to their ability to infiltrate the country. As the largest charitable organizations, the

Business law coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business law coursework - Essay Example Lord Kenyon held: â€Å"There are many situations in life, and particularly in the commercial world, where a man cannot by any diligence inform whom he deals; in which cases he must apply to those whose sources of intelligence enable them to give that information. If no injury is occasioned by that lie, it is not actionable; but if it be attended with a damage, it then becomes the subject of an action. It is admitted that Defendant’s conduct was highly immoral, and detrimental to society. And I am of opinion that the action is maintainable on the grounds of deceit in Defendant, and injury and loss to Plaintiff.†1 The next steps in proving the existence of tort of deceit is the fact that the claimant relied on the provided information and this caused loss to him. Even though it seems that Peter’s situation fits under these regulations, there is one big â€Å"On the other hand†: â€Å"in an action for deceit, it is not enough to establish misrepresentation alone; Fraud is established where it is proved that a false statement is made: (a) knowingly; or (b) without belief in its truth; or (c) recklessly, careless as to whether it be true or false.† 2 This is the House of Lords’ ruling in the case of Derry v Peek (1888). Breach of duty occurs in the situation when the defendant owed a duty of care and his actions were lower than the reasonable standard. Smith and Keenan (2010, p.464) state that the test of a reasonable man should be applied to individuals â€Å"who have held themselves out as possessing a particular skill†3 as to average specialist in that domain. For example, as in Peter’s case, Bumble&Co – recommending themselves as a company which conducts financial analysis – were expected to act as an average accountant. By providing a financial statement of poor quality, Bumble&Co actually provided misinformation to the shareholders. The company ignored its duty of care, established by objective standards, and provided false information. It accepted to

Anything Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Anything - Essay Example Such is the scenario currently where businesses have concentrated on personal gains at the expense of their customers’ service delivery. The Wall Street Greed tendency has been captured clearly by a scholar named Michael Douglas (Heesun, Page 10-45). Even though Douglas asserts that greed sometimes can benefit businesses whenever they serve their customers, he concurs that the very same greed only benefits a few individuals but only to a certain extent. The general argument by most Wall Street publishers is that if a business’s profits are highly based on the prosperity of its customers then the general assumption is that whatever is good for the customers must be good for the society. Such assertions form the basis of Wall Street Greed currently. Critics further argue that the Wall Street Greed, as exhibited today, is all about Wall Street itself (Heesun, Page 5-35). The interest of Wall Street has been totally separated from the interest of the society at large. Ethics forms the basis of any economic implications for the decisions made by businesses within the economy. There has been a shift in argument in the sense that initially assertions were that for any economic meltdown or any bailout involving larger amounts of the taxpayers’ money does not necessarily lie with the banks but rather it now revolves around the ethics and values embraced by the businesses within the economy. The Wall Street case has clearly shown that there is a major breakdown between the business activities and priorities of most organizations and the ethical values that should be attached to them (Heesun, Page 15-85). There has been a continuous disconnect between ethics and economic freedom. In most cases, individual perception on the available opportunities has significantly influenced the business decisions by most organizations. This has resulted in the individualistic

Book Report on Don't Fire Them, Fire Them Up by Frank Pacetta Essay

Book Report on Don't Fire Them, Fire Them Up by Frank Pacetta - Essay Example Although he mentions that an individual is an essential element in any organization, the role of the team or group is emphasized more in the book. This perspective eliminates possible jealousy and unhealthy competition within the organization, thus creating an atmosphere of teamwork and cooperation. Pacetta outlines principles that are doable in both non-military and military settings since the underlying principles of motivation and teamwork are essential in any successful organizational environment. LEADERSHIP IN MANAGEMENT 3 Leadership Principles in Management There are several principles on effective leadership that Frank Pacetta discusses in his book. According to â€Å"The One Minute Manager† author Kenneth Blanchard, leadership skills focused on people are significant for leaders who know that the work force is the primary resource of any organization (Nohria & Groysberg, 2008). In Pacetta’s (1994) book, he touches on the extraordinary potential of a well-directe d and highly motivated human spirit. Although some say that the book is more of a marketing and sales guide because Pacetta (1994) first applies his ideas on marketing and sales, the overall concept discussed in the book is applicable to any organizational setting, corporate or non-corporate. In the book, creating loyalty and developing trust is one of Pacetta’s (1994) important leadership principles. Loyalty and trust creates an atmosphere of teamwork and dependability. Additionally, he mentioned that establishing accountability and encouraging the process of giving constructive feedback is a vital part in an organization. The value of accountability pushes the concept of professional ethics, while feedback encourages working on possible areas of improvement that support continuous development. Generating passion and enthusiasm is also deemed essential. One must remember that a happy employee is a productive employee (Mrudula, 2006). Pacetta (1994) also mentions that a leade r’s ability to enliven, manage, and rebuild an organization is a necessary attitude that encourage employee trust to the organization’s management team. It reflects the internal strength of the organization, thereby promoting a sense of security among employees or members of the organization. To top it off, a leader’s capacity in pushing the organization to the top and maintaining its status at that level develops a sense of pride among every member of the organization. A leader is considered as the LEADERSHIP IN MANAGEMENT 4 one having command responsibility in every aspect of the organization, therefore making the position both challenging and crucial. Pacetta (1994) asserts that although there are normally 3 main reasons for organizational failures --- namely poor leadership, lack of enthusiasm, or skills deficiency --- poor leadership is almost always the main factor why organizations fail. The practicality of the leadership principles presented by Pacetta ( 1994) makes them applicable not only in corporate situations, but also in military settings. In order to realize success and continuous growth within any organizational set-up, there must be strong leadership skills and tactics, and flexibility in methods and processes building and

Optional subject Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Optional subject - Research Proposal Example Because of the broad execution of KM approach in several organizations, I became really interested in knowing about the impact of KM over the business environment on the whole (Rasula, Vuksic and Stembersger, â€Å"The Impact of Knowledge Management on Organizational Performance†). From the previous researches relating to the execution of KM in the business organizations, I have become even more intrigued about learning the impact of this particular approach. Likewise, I acquired a comprehensive knowledge from the previous researches that there lies considerable impact of KM in providing benefits to a particular business organization. The notion of KM is fundamentally described as a procedure which comprises of a broad assortment of effective business strategies as well as practices that helps the modern day organizations to accomplish their expected business objectives and most significantly, to enhance their organizational performances in the long-term scenario. It can be stated in this regard that there lies immense impact of KM over the business operations in the contemporary era, as most of the organizations have employed it with the motive of attaining significant benefits. In this similar context, one of the chief benefits of generating the practice of KM within the business organizations is that the practice imposes a positive impact upon their organizational performances. Moreover, according to previous studies, the practice of KM also affects the organizational results with regard to company innovation and employee along with product improvement (Rasheed, â€Å"The Impact of Knowledge Management on SME’s†). My major interest about formulating the topic is that the phenomenon emphasizes upon the impact of KM which supports the business organizations to attain significant benefits as well as desired business

Designing a Research Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Designing a Research Project - Essay Example Today the progression of technological expertise has made it feasible to fetch the consumers throughout the globe at the virtual store where the individuals are permitted to look through, pick, try out and pay without being actually there at the shop. This hi-tech development has in turn stimulated the quantity of competition among the companies and the procedure of modernization has been incessantly tailored by every company with the aim of drawing the consumers. A nation’s wealth is exceedingly enthused by the manufacturing and utilization phase on one hand. However on the further side the sequence of fabrication and utilization is completely reliant on the demand of the purchasers and the availability of products by the market person as per the demands. Consequently it is the primary aim of every company to persuade and please its consumers and provide them with the claimed goods and services. The aim of this research is to find out the marketing strategies taken by electronics giant Apple to reach its targeted consumer for the product iPhone. Being the most innovative organisation in its sector and having largest market share in the developed market it is challenge for Apple to reach its entire customer with limited time period. This study will help people to understand Apple’s iPhone marketing strategy in this ever changing competitive world. For this research both primary and secondary research approach will be taken. For primary research both qualitative and quantitative questionnaire will be made and distributed among the respondents. For qualitative questionnaire interview method will be used and for quantitative questionnaire survey method will be used. Probability sampling will be used for quantitative data collection method and non probabilistic data collection technique will be used for qualitative data collection technique. When a company fails to make available the vital

Economics is said to be concerned with the central problem of scarcity Essay

Economics is said to be concerned with the central problem of scarcity and infinite wants - Essay Example The three basic factors of economics are scarce in nature and thus they initiate the necessity of taking up a research approach on the factors that influence the problem in the economies. Along with the discussion on the factors that create the problem, the role that market mechanism plays in sorting the problem will be reviewed in this research paper as well (Case & Fair, 2004). 2.0 Explanation of the Research Statement The explanation of the research statement that considers economics to be concerned with the central problem of scarcity and infinite wants will be presented in this section of the research paper. 2.1 Problem of Scarcity The problem concerned with scarcity is considered to be the most essential in the arena of economic. The problem is derived on the basis of the assumption that goods or resources are finite whereas, desires of the human beings are infinite. The concept of economics is concerned with the alternatives and their outcomes and concentrates on means through which societies and individuals make allocation of their finite resources for trying to satisfy the infinite wants relatively (Lipsey & Chrystal, 2007). Scarcity takes place because the relatively infinite wants of the individuals cannot be completely set-off from the utilisation of limited resources that are available. A good becomes scarce if individuals and society cannot access them freely and thus the good directs a positive price. The problem of scarcity influences all the decision makers to resolve three basic questions of the economics: What will be manufactured? How the process of manufacturing will take place? Who will be using the goods that will be manufactured? Source: Mankiw & Taylor, 2006. Goods are the answers to the first question. Production is the answer to the second question that occurs when technology and knowledge are used for application of the energy to objects for making them more valuable. The alternatives’ opportunity cost provides answer to the t hird question which is measured by the qualitative value of the best alternative that is sacrificed (The University of North Carolina, 2011). 2.2 Model of the Economic Problem of Scarcity The model of the problem of scarcity largely depends on the factor of efficiency. The workers, individuals, business houses, governments or the countries are normally faced with the problem of scarce economic resources. The level of efficiency is important for finding solution to the particular economic problem in concern and is measured by the factors as to how well the dwellers produce goods or services. Efficiency is also determined by the factors through which goods or services are produced at a lower cost or less resource are utilised for manufacturing a product or rendering service along with satisfying the wants of the consumers at the same time (SG Zilina, 2010). Source: (SG Zilina, 2010). The above model is a comprehensive depiction of the economic problem of scarcity that has shown the ev olution of the economic problems of scarcity and has even laid the way towards the resolution of the problem. The entire model is centrally located to the choices that the dwellers of the economy make for enhancing their level of efficienc

Investors Valuation of Stock Essay Example for Free

Investors Valuation of Stock Essay An investor should value a stock by looking at the intrinsic value of the stock and how the market value compare to the intrinsic value. The most common mathematical method of valuing stock is to determine the price earnings ratio (P/E). The P/E ratio is calculated by dividing the share price by the company’s net income. As a general rule a P/E ratio should be in the higher teens. Stocks with a below-market P/E are considered cheaper, and a higher P/E ratio are considered expensive (Kansas, 2014). To evaluate if a stock is under or over-valued investors should look at the CAPM (Market securities Line) based on the Beta of the company and determine the performance of the stock. An investor can use indexes, such as the Dow Jones, NYSE, or SP 500, in stock valuation. Value investing is common for investors. It is misrepresentation of price so the buyer buys a stock at a lower price than true worth or sells at a higher price than true worth. Considering all variables and determining true fault in price, this method provides investors easy margins. Investors’ value stocks using various strategies and methods, but all driving factors are in hopes of gaining margin and growth of the company invested in. The concept of stock valuation is simple. However, predicting the future is not as simple and can be complicated. Market Valuation of Stock Market and investors value stock differently. The market depends on expectations and recent information available to the market. The market’s value of stock are usually based on past history and trends. Based on current economic conditions we look at the past and see how it would look going forward. Through use of charts, value lines, or other indicators, the market looks at certain things such as floors, ceiling, resistance points, when valuing stock. The stock value is a collective price based on numerous variables considered, equaling a company’s worth combined with social trends and economic factors. The most common value of a stock for the market is the open and close prices. NASDAQ uses an auction approach called opening cross and closing cross to determine stock prices (â€Å"Stock Market Prices†, 2014). The opening cross uses computer software to determine opening prices for stocks based on night trading; buying and selling of stock during close of business. The closing cross software calculates closing price based on  that day’s trades. The technology takes into consideration each trade made at the exchange and sets what is referred to as the fairest closing price. The final stock prices are released after close of the exchange and work as a main factor for night trading. The amount an investor is willing to pay is often dependent on the prices set by the market. Stock Market Prices. (2014). http://money.howstuffworks.com/nasdaq-opening-closing- cross1.htm Kansas, D. (2014). Evaluating a Stock. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http://guides.wsj.com/personal-finance/investing/how-to-evaluate-a-stock/.

The Dangers Of Totalitarianism Philosophy Essay

The Dangers Of Totalitarianism Philosophy Essay Totalitarianism Totalitarianism: Of, relating to, being, or imposing a form of government in which the political authority exercises absolute and centralized control over all aspects of life, the individual is subordinated to the state, and opposing political and cultural expression is suppressed (Dictionary.com). Essentially, totalitarianism is a type of government in which the person or people in power seek to maintain absolute control over every person under their authority, with virtually all importance eliminated from the concept of an individual. George Orwell witnessed firsthand the horrific lengths to which totalitarian governments in Spain and Russia would go in order to sustain and increase their power and was deeply disturbed by the widespread cruelties and oppressions he observed. Yet the phenomenon of totalitarianism, though somewhat novel in its twentieth-century extent, is nothing new. Prominent philosophers, from the ancient Plato and Aristotle to the early-modern Mac hiavelli and Hobbes, discussed totalitarianism as it manifested itself in its various forms, especially monarchy or, more controversially, in Platos polis. In this sense, totalitarianism and its characteristics have been important concerns for writers and political philosophers throughout the ages. 1984 1984 is a political novel written with the purpose of warning readers in the West of the dangers of totalitarian government. Orwells primary goal in 1984 is to demonstrate the terrifying possibilities of a totalitarian society, the most extreme realization imaginable of a modern-day government with absolute power. The title of the novel was meant to indicate to its readers in 1949 that the story represented a real possibility for the near future: if totalitarianism were not opposed, some variation of the world described in the novel could become a reality in only thirty-five years. Orwell was concerned by the role of technology in enabling oppressive governments to monitor and control their citizens every aspect of human life to the extent that even having a disloyal thought is against the law. The protagonist, Winston Smith, is the looking glass into Orwells horrifying perfect communist society, where all of Winstons worst paranoids and fears are realities. Winstons timidly reb ellious personality sets out to challenge the limits of the Partys power and attempts to gain individuality towards throughout the plot. This resistance allows the reader to understand, through Winstons eyes, the Partys harsh oppression which includes Psychological Manipulation, Physical Control, Control of Information and History and Language as Mind Control. Psychological Manipulation The Party barrages its citizens with psychological manipulation in their attempt to control the human mind and to overwhelm the minds capacity for independent thought. The Party seeks to eliminate all throughtcrime, the crime of thinking anything against the infallible Big Brother. The act of thinking about committing a crime is, the essential crime that contained all others in itself (Orwell, 19). That action is considered by the Party the most horrible, for only with thought and a conscious decision to take action will any action be performed; without thoughtcrime, no crime would be committed. As such, the Party utilizes every possible method of eliminating thoughtcrime. Winston commits a thoughtcrime when he purchases a diary and in it writes, Down with Big Brother, (Orwell, 19). He then reflects on the inevitable consequences of his action: Whether he went on with the diary, or whether he did not go on with, made no difference, the Thought Police would get him just the same, (Orwell, 19). The Party has the power to realize any committed thoughtcrime and to punish the criminal. Additionally, the giant telescreen in every citizens room blasts a constant stream of propaganda designed to make the failures of the Party appear to be successes. The telescreens also monitor behavior; everywhere they go, citizens are continuously reminded, especially by means of the ever-present signs reading BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU, that the authorities are scrutinizing them. 1984 reveals that technology, which is generally perceived as working toward moral good, can also facilitate the most diabolical evil. Furthermore, the Party weakens family structure by inducting children into Junior Spies, an organization which brainwashes and encourages them to spy on their parents and report any cases of disloyalty to the Party. The Party also forces individuals to suppress their sexual desires, treating sex as only a procreative duty to create new Party membe rs. Realizing the importance of the human mind, the Party not only threatens the society, but also channels the peoples potential into actions to benefit the Party. The Party institutes the Hate Period: for two minutes every day, a film of Emmanuel Goldestein, the pronounced enemy of the people, is shown and viewers are driven to anger. As Winston declares, The horrible thing about the Two Minutes Hate was not that one was obliged to act a part, but that it was impossible to avoid joining in, (Orwell 12). By utilizing the power of the human mind, the Part is able to further their control over their society. Physical Control In addition to manipulating their minds, the Party also controls the bodies of its citizens. The Party constantly watches for any sign of disloyalty, to the point that, as Winston observes, even a tiny facial twitch could lead to an arrest (Orwell, Ch 6 or 7). A persons own nervous system becomes his greatest enemy. The Party forces its members to undergo mass morning exercises called the Physical Jerks, and then to work long, grueling days at government agencies, keeping people in a general state of exhaustion (Orwell, Ch 3). Anyone who does manage to defy the Party is punished and reeducated through systematic and brutal torture. When Winston is arrested, he is able to experience first-hand the punishment constructed by the Party. The Party fully believes in the importance and rightness of their actions, and OBrien, who is an important member of the Party, explains how their society is different: We are not content the negative obedience, nor even with the most abj ect submission. When finally you surrender to us, it must be of your own free willà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Everyone is washed clean, (Orwell, 210). Winston must fully surrender to OBrien. It does not matter what he says, but rather what he believes, for in the mind lies the ultimate power. Describing the process enacted by the Party, OBrien says, There are three stages in your reintegrationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦There is learning, there is understanding, and there is acceptance, (Orwell, 215). In order to attain the state desired by the Party, one deemed mentally deranged must undergo all three of these stages, as Winston eventually does. However, Winston initially is unable to truly believe everything said by the Party. He is able to say that he believes, and perhaps wants to believe, but doubt still remains. As the final push to belief, Winston is taken to the infamous Room 101. OBrien tells Winston, The thing that is in Room 101 is the worst thing in the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦it varies from individu al to individual (Orwell, 233). The greatest possible torture is individualized, and with this torture, comes anything. After going through weeks of this intense treatment, Winston himself comes to the conclusion that nothing is more powerful than physical pain-no emotional loyalty or moral conviction can overcome it. At the end of the book Orwell writes, He had won the victory over himself. He loved Big Brother (Orwell, 245). By conditioning the minds of their victims with physical torture, the absolute power of the Party allows Winston to believe in everything that society does. Control of Information History The Party also has a control over all sources of information. It manages and rewrites the content of all newspapers and histories for its own ends. The Party does not allow individuals to keep physical records documenting the past which prevents people from challenging the governments motivations, actions, and authority. Citizens become perfectly willing to believe whatever the Party tells them. Winston believes having no physical records such as photographs and documents, makes ones life lose its outline in ones memory. Winston only vaguely remembers a time before the Party came to power, and memories of his past enter his mind only in dreams, which are the most secure repositories for thoughts, feelings, and memories that must be suppressed in waking life. Furthermore, Winston considers Oceanias relationship to the other countries in the world, Eurasia and Eastasia. According to official history, Oceania has always been at war with Eurasia and in all iance with Eastasia, but Winston knows that the records have been changed. Winston remembers that no one had heard of Big Brother, the leader of the Party, before 1960, but stories about him now appear in histories going back to the 1930s. By controlling the present, the Party is able to manipulate the past. And in controlling the past, the Party can justify all of its actions in the present. (Chapter III) Language as Mind Control One of Orwells most important messages in 1984 is that language is of central importance to human thought because it structures and limits the ideas that individuals are capable of expressing. The Party has introduced Newspeak to replace English. Its purpose is to alter the structure of language to make it impossible to even conceive of disobedient or rebellious thoughts, because there would be no words with which to think them. Syme, an intelligent Party member who works on a revised dictionary of Newspeak, says, Dont you see that the whole aim of Newspeak is to narrow the range of thought? In the end we shall make thoughtcrime literally impossible, because there will be no words in which to express it (Orwell 46). The Party is constantly refining and perfecting Newspeak, with the ultimate goal that no one will be capable of conceptualizing anything that might question the Partys absolute power. Conclusion on 1984 Intro to Philosophers The partys methods, from its implementation of psychological manipulation and absolute physical control to its control of information and history and its use of language as mind control, point toward the ultimate aim of the party itself: absolute, centralized control over the lives of the inhabitants of Oceania. This goal characterizes the ruling power of Oceania squarely as totalitarian. The line between the private and public spheres, present in every single other regime, is blurred to such an extent that every action becomes inherently political. Before the twentieth century, the idea of such a regime was itself unconceivable; nevertheless, the philosophers of the past such as Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli and Hobbes provide a glimpse to power similar in extent to the one Orwell chronicles in 1984. Plato Platos Republic gives this ancient perspective on the subject of powerful political orders. It is not difficult to advance the claim that the polis Plato presents in his Republic is fundamentally totalitarian. The guardians of the polis itself use several of the same methods as those of Oceania, and one of the aims of the polis is to create a harmonious structure, one which is often identified with an idea of unity-is similar to that of a totalitarian regime which, by destroying the difference between the public and private spheres and by bringing every action to the political realm, strives to create a unity among the men subject to it. While two things separate the polis from the Party-popular satisfaction with the rulers and the lack of incentive to rule-some of the ideas present in the Republic, such as the concentration of political power and the exertion of power over daily life, are clear even in Orwells 1984. The first major component of the totalitarian-like regime in the polis is the extent to which political power is concentrated in the guardian class of citizens. In the polis, as in other totalitarian orders, there is no alternative to the ruling party. The guardians are meant to be the only power capable of ruling, and the entire structure of the polis is founded upon the idea that they will in fact be the rulers. A similar structure is found in totalitarian systems, wherein power is firmly concentrated on one bloc or person. Socrates insists that this concentration of power does not indicate anything more than a means to a good end and that the producers will be grateful to those above them for ruling philosophically. There is no such guarantee in a totalitarian regime, but for better or worse, whether in Platos utopian (or dystopian) society or in potential systems of the future, once power is centralized to such a great extent, there is no guarantee that the rulers will not abuse of their subjects for their own benefit, tangible or otherwise, except for their good will and magnanimity. The second major totalitarian feature of the polis is its control over the daily life of citizens, which is accomplished by means of education, itself a form of psychological manipulation. Control over popular forms of media constitutes one of the key assets of the rulers of the polis, just as it does in 1984, and poetry, music, theatre, and other such arts, a vital part of the culture of a city in Ancient Greek times, would be subject to the regulation and approval of the citys ruler. The introduction of the noble lie adds to the totalitarian nature of the guardians. The noble lie, despite the good it intends to bestow upon the populace, is still a lie, and it represents a propagandistic concern with regard to how much the populace is actually able to consent to the leadership itself. In addition, education itself poses an issue in this respect. Given the extensive control over education by the guardians, the possibility of mass deception, a feature most often associated with totali tarian regimes, becomes real. Despite Platos insistence that these methods are to be used for good, they are in reality frighteningly similar to those utilized by the Party in 1984. The third similarity between the polis and a totalitarian regime is found in the notion of collectivism. The terms by which Plato refers to the members of his society provide some insight into this strong collectivism. Never is any individual member of society referred to as an individual. This fact emphasizes the collective sense of unity and harmony for which Platos polis strives. However, it is important to remember that one of the ultimate aims of totalitarian government is to eliminate the distinction between the individual and other members of society, creating the same sense of concord found in the Republic. Yet Plato takes this collectivism one step further, instituting the sharing of wives and the mass, rather than familial, upbringing of children, much in the same way that more communistic totalitarian regimes remove any trace of natural ties found through familial bonds in favor of those artificially created by the state.

Independent Research Paper-Internet Security -- essays papers

Independent Research Paper-Internet Security Using the Internet today, there are numerous ways to stay connected to other people also using the Internet. You can use e mail, chat rooms, and the most popular, Instant Messaging. The risks of using e mail have always been evident. Receiving and downloading e mails and attachments from people you do not know always carried the risk of downloading and infecting your computer with one or several viruses that could possibly destroy your computers operating system. On a personal computer, the cost of having your computer destroyed due to a virus would be at the most several hundred to a thousand dollars, depending on whether the whole computer needed to be replaced. But on a computer connected to several or hundreds of other computers, such as a computer would be at a business or company, the potential to ruin hundreds of other computers, causing the loss or potential theft of confidential and very important business oriented information is very high. Software vulnerabilities leave your business vulnerable to serious downtime. But patching can be time-consuming and expensive to maintain. Organizations need an effective patch management program that protects critical assets and makes business sense. For the past couple years, e mail is a very popular way to conduct company oriented business and to distribute important information. Today, however, Instant Messaging is becoming an ever more popular way to conduct meetings and to pass information. Monitoring of e-mail is now corporate policy for most institutions, but regulatory pressure has yet to be extended to IM conversations that happen on free, public networks. â€Å"There are about 60 published IM vulnerabilities†, acco... ...ication and business transactions. But with the proper precautions and software advances, these problems can be diminished and become nearly distinct. Works Cited Home Network Security. Carnegie Mellon . April 5, 2004. . Proventia M Series. Internet Security Systems. April 5, 2004. . Henry Stephen Markus. Home PC Firewall Guide Index. April 5, 2004. . Robert B. Reinhardt. ARINC Research Corporation. An Architectural Overview of UNIX Network Security. April 5, 2004. . Barbara Laswell. Information Security and Education. April 5, 2004. .

TapNet Business Plan Essays -- TapNet Business Management Essays

TapNet Business Plan TapNet Executive Summary TapNet.com (Trade Association Portal) represents a tremendous opportunity for it's directors, partners and potential stockholders. 1.1 The Opportunity The Internet and specifically business-to business applications are expanding at a tremendous rate. Many companies and associations are entering this portal area to provide valuable products services to the industry and generate economic profit at the same time. TapNet's Board of Directors saw this opportunity about year ago and has been fine tuning their concept and approach. Since this time, TapNet has moved forward and further developed the concept, gathered content and interacted with hundreds of potential customers around the world and gained their support. 1.2 The Application TapNet is more than a website or portal, it is an Internet based application that supports the trade association’s business operations, offers buyers and sellers the chance to find each other, interact and eventually purchase products and services on-line. TapNet provides these core competencies and capabilities to trade association, many of which could not afford these required business capabilities without TapNet as their provider. TapNet provides the foundation for a dominating site that drives the industry rather than just responding to it. TapNet plans to continue development of both its technology and the information resources it offers. This will be accomplished by developing buyer guide matrixes for associations to list their information, developing TapNet enabling features and functions, and by providing content and interaction that truly bring the trade association community closer together. TapNet will also provide a strong mar... ...nding Shares 3,850,000 Available to Public 4,000,000 40% Retained by Directors/Executives/Board 5,100,000 51% Remained authorized but unissued 200,000 2% Reserved for Stock Options for future employees 200,000 2% Total Shares Authorized 10,000,000 100% Use of Funds The capital raised during this offering will be used in the following ways: On-going Operations 12,288,701 Implement Technology Platform 2,187,556 Marketing Costs 260,000 Networks & Assets 4,474,800 Legal 20,000 Total Use of Funds 19,231,057 7.4 Investors Return Rate of Return over 4 years 226% 7.5 Exit Strategy Directors propose an outright sale of TapNet with in 48 months of launching offering. (1/2005)

The Tragedy Of Hamlet, Prince Of Denmark :: essays research papers

The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark I. a) Time: Sixteenth Century b) Place: Denmark c) Preliminary situation: King Hamlet, King of Denmark is killed. Hamlet the Prince's uncle,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Claudius, receives the throne and marries Queen Gertrude. II. a) Initial Incident: A ghost appears to Marcellus and another guard who decide to inform Hamlet of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  it's presence. b) Rising Action:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.2 Claudius, the new King, is holding court and thanks his subjects for their support. He then sends an ambassador to Norway to protect from an invasion from Fortinbras, Hamlets second cousin. He gives Laertes permission to return to France but will not allow Hamlet to go to Wittenburg. Hamlet feels alone and is upset that his mother married so shortly after her husband's death. The guards arrive and tell Hamlet about the ghost and Hamlet agrees to join them that night in search of the ghost, his father.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.3 At Polonius's room, Laertes says good-bye to his sister Ophelia and tells her not to trust Hamlet. Polonius arrives and says good-bye Laertes and offers him advice. He then talks to Ophelia about not seeing Hamlet and then orders her stay away from him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.4 Claudius is drinking the night and Hamlet, Horatio, and Marcellus see the ghost again. The ghost signals to Hamlet to come, but the others try and hold him back. Hamlet struggles free and moves towards the apparition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.5 The ghost tells Hamlet that he is the spirit of his father and that he was not poisoned, but murdered. He demands that Hamlet avenge his death by murdering the killer, King Claudius. Hamlet promises to get revenge and orders the other to swear they haven't seen anything with the help of the ghost.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.1 Polonius sends his servant, Reynaldo, to Paris to spy and ask about Laertes. Ophelia then enters the room and tells her father that Hamlet was visiting and was completely mad. Polonius believes that Hamlet has gone crazy due to the rejection from Ophelia and rushes off to inform the king.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.2 King and Queen send Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, old school buddies, to spy on Hamlet and determine why he has gone crazy. Polonius tells everyone that Hamlet is crazy because of unreturned love. Claudius isn't quite convinced that Hamlet really is crazy but agrees to help Polonius spy on him. Hamlet, when confronted by Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, pretends to be mad so no one will find out about the ghost and what Hamlet knows. Then, a group of touring actors enters the scene and Hamlet makes one of them recite a speech he likes. When finished, Hamlet realizes that the actor read the speech with more

A Comparison of Research Methods

Sociology is the study of human relationships and institutions (UNC, 2013). In order to enrich our understanding of key social processes, sociologists carefully gather and analyze evidence about social life. Most sociological research involves â€Å"field work† that has been designed to most closely represent the characteristics of a population (UNC, 2013). This process involves the utilization of a wide variety of research methods. Some of these methods include conducting surveys of large groups, observing people in social settings, deciphering historical data and analyzing videotaped interactions.For purposes of this paper, we are going to take a more in-depth look at two research methods used in sociology. The first research method we will look at is correlation research. A correlation is a relationship between two variables (Cliffsnotes, 2013). They can be behaviors, events, characteristics or attitudes. Correlation research attempts to determine if a relationship exists b etween two variables and exactly what the degree of that relationship is. A sociologist can use any number of other research methods to determine if a correlation exists.Correlations are either positive (to +1.  0), negative (to -1. 0) or nonexistent (0. 0) (Cliffsnotes, 2013). A positive correlation is one in which the variables either increase or decrease together. A negative correlation on the other hand is one in which the variables go in different directions. If one increases, the other one decreases. If a correlation is nonexistent, no relationship exists between the variables. Correlation data does not indicate a cause and effect relationship (Cliffsnotes, 2013). In other words, one variable does not cause the other; it only indicates that both variables are somehow related to one another.Changes in the value of one variable will reflect changes in the value of the other. The second research method we will analyze is survey research. Survey research usually involves intervi ewing or administering questionnaires to a large number of people. This can be accomplished in person, by mail or over the telephone. Sociologists are able to customize the questions within the survey to make them pertinent to the study at hand. Once all data has been collected, the sociologist will analyze it to pinpoint similarities, differences and trends. They will then make predictions about the population being studied.One advantage to this type of research is that it allows sociologists to collect data from a large group in a relatively short period. This type of research method is also relatively inexpensive. If conducted by mail, the surveys allow the respondents the convenience of completing them on their own time. The mail surveys are also anonymous, which may provide for responses that are more truthful. Some disadvantages to this type of research method are that the responses may not always be reliable, it can be time consuming to decipher the results, and not all respo ndents will reply.A1. Philosophical Justifications for Sociological Methods The survey method is one of the best methods of research for gathering large amounts of information quickly and affordably (Jones, 2013). This method allows for a broader scope of study with greater efficiency (Pearson, 2013). Subjects may remain anonymous, which in turn can produce more truthful responses to questions (Jones, 2013). Due to the fact that the sociologist may not be present during some of the surveys, this method helps to eliminate bias in the interpretation of the results (Jones, 2013).This method of research is seen as highly reliable in that the data collected can be easily coded and analyzed (Pearson, 2013). Survey methods are a valuable adjunct to other research methods. They play an important role in confirming more qualitative research. The survey method can help to identify areas that need further research and reveal broad patterns that exist that could otherwise be overlooked by resea rchers relying solely on qualitative methods (Pearson, 2013). B. Anthropological Research MethodsAnthropology comes from the Greek, it literally means â€Å"the study of the human† (Malinowski, 2013). Cultural anthropology is the study of human cultures, their practices, beliefs and values. Anthropologists accomplish these studies through various methods of research. These methods include (but are not limited to) participant observation, cross-cultural comparison, survey research, interviews and historical analysis. In this paper, we are going to take a closer look at two different forms of research used within the field of cultural anthropology.The first method of anthropological research that we will look at is participant observation. Participant observation is an immersion method of research where the researchers immerse themselves into the culture that they are studying. They will live within this society for the duration of the study (Jones, 2013). By doing this, the re searcher is able to get first-hand experience through observation and participation in ceremonies, rituals, storytelling, language and meals within these cultures (Jones, 2013).They record their findings through voice recordings, photos, videos and journals. The success of participant observation is reliant upon the particular culture’s acceptance of the investigator into their society (Jones, 2013). The second method of research that we will discuss is cross culture comparison. This method searches for comparable culture patterns amongst multiple societies. Testable hypotheses are utilized to try to establish statistical correlations amongst cultures (Gillies and Kinzer, 2009). This methodology was greatly facilitated via the work of George Peter Murdock.Murdock was an American anthropologist known for his comparative studies. He developed the Human Relations Area Files (HRAF), which is an index that contains many of the world’s known societies (Gillies and Kinzer, 20 09). There are two goals within this research method: 1) to describe the distribution and range of cultural variation that exists between the ethnographies recorded, and 2) to test the theories and hypotheses that have been proposed in order to explain the variations amongst cultures (Gillies and Kinzer, 2009).B1. Philosophical Justifications for Anthropological Methods Participant observation allows the researcher to gain an inside look at the inner workings of a culture. By immersing oneself into a culture for an extended period of time, the researcher will gain more knowledge of the society (Jones, 2013). This technique will also produce a greater sense of trust from the members of the culture. This can in turn, provide for information that is more accurate and provide for a more comprehensive ethnography (Jones, 2013).Ethnographies allow people to gain an understanding of a particular culture and the appropriate ways to interact with that culture (Jones, 2013). They also can ser ve as a historical record of cultures that may be endangered or extinct. Some individuals may see the participant observation method as an invasion of privacy. Researchers however, go to great lengths to ensure that the utmost respect is given to all members of these cultures. Permission from the cultural leaders is always sought out prior to initiation of this type of research (Jones, 2013). C. Compare and Contrast ApproachesSociology is the study of the development, structure, interaction and behavior of organized groups of human beings (Diffen, 2012). Anthropology is the study of human beings and their ancestors through time in terms of physical characteristics, culture, environment and social relations (Diffen, 2012). Sociologists study societies, while anthropologists study cultures. Both of these areas of study use secondary analysis as a research method. They each can utilize the same types of material and information. They even use some of the same methods of gathering this information.The difference between them is in how the information is utilized and reported. Traditionally, sociology studies modern, civilized and complex societies (Bhatt, 2012). Anthropology on the other hand, traditionally studies simple, more primitive, non-literate societies (Bhatt, 2013). Sociology studies both large and small societies while anthropology tends to focus more on smaller societies. When it comes to research styles, anthropology stresses immersion in native life while sociology tends to stress distance from the object of study (Dilipchandra, 2012).Sociology treats data quantitatively while anthropology treats data qualitatively. Sociology emphasized that human behavior can be measured and that that measurement is reliable (Dilipchandra, 2012). Anthropology touts that a large part of human behavior is beyond the realm of measurement (Dilipchandra, 2012). Due to changes in our world, sociology and anthropology are converging (McGraw-Hill, 2013). Sociologists can no w be found doing research in developing countries and due to industrialization, anthropologists can be found doing research in industrialized societies (McGraw-Hill, 2013).

Prehistory of Bangladesh

University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh GED 100: Bangladesh Studies Afsana Anjum Lecturer Room: 602 The course is concerned with the political, cultural, social and economic history of Bengal that dates back to 320 B. C. with the line drawing towards the present. Daily lifestyle, society, religion, culture, wealth of Bengal in other words how this nation gradually evolved into today’s Bangladesh is the main structure of this subject.With that, land formation, agriculture system, industry, trade and commerce, religious activities, language and literature, sculpture, art architecture- in one word all sort of activities of the people of Bengal that evolved from thousand years ago is the theme of this subject. We are trying here to find the root and trail to our present standing point in world civilization. Grading: 100 Points Unit 1: Environmental Background: weather and climate, land formation, river system, flora and fauna, mineral resources, demography, culture and religionUnit 2: Prehistory of Bangladesh Unit 3: Early historic Era (500 BC- 320 AD): Mshasthangarh and Wari-Bateshswar Unit 4: Late Historic Era-1 (320 – 550 AD): Gupta Era Unit 5: Late Historic Era-2 (525 – 750 AD): Sasanka, Gopachandra, Dharmaditya, Samachardeva, Khadga, Rata, Deva Unit 6:Early Medieval Era (750 – 1230 AD): Pala, Chandra, Sena, Varman Unit 7:Medieval Period (1204 – 1650): Sulatanate and Mughal Unit 8:Coming of Europeans and East India CompanyUnit 9:Liberation Movements: Beginning of Communalism, Birth of East Pakistan (1947), Language Movement (1948 – 52), Juktafront Electiuons (1954) , Six Point movement (1966), Mass movement of 1969 and Election in 1970, Liberation War (1971) Unit10: Political history of Bangladesh from Independence Unit 11: Bangladesh: achievements and challenges Unit 12: Review: what we've learned. References Books Banglapedia, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh Bangladesher Etihas, 2006, Dr. Rahim, Dr.Chowdhury, Dr. Mahmud a nd Dr. Islam (Nouroj) History of Bengal- Vol 1 & 2 (Dhaka University) History of Bangladesh- Vol1, 2 & 3 (Asiatic  Society of Bangladesh) A History of Bangladesh- Williem Van Schendel History of Bengali speaking people- Nitish Sen Gupta Geography of Bangladesh, 1991, Haroun Er Rashid, UPL Bangladesh on the threshold of twenty first Century- Edited by Fakrul Alam & A. M. Chowdhury (Asiatic Society of Bangladesh) Bengali Literature, V C Ghosh, Oxford University PressEconomic Geography of Bangladesh- Dr. Harun ur Rashid Online Wikipedia: www. wikipedia. com http://bpedia. org/ http://www. banglapedia. org/httpdocs/bangla/index. htm http://countrystudies. us/bangladesh/ Internet History Sourcebooks Project: http://www. fordham. edu/halsall/ Project Gutenberg: http://www. Gutenberg. org/wiki/Main_Page http://www. historyguide. org/ancient/lecture18b. html http://www. hyperhistory. com/online_n2/History_n2/a. html

Hebrew Covenant Essay

The most insightful and genuinely inspired notion of the Hebrew world view is the concept of the berit involving God and His chosen people. Interpreted into English as â€Å"covenant,† the term denotes a little closer to â€Å"promise,† or â€Å"pledge. † In the â€Å"promise† to Abraham, God picks Abraham and his offspring as a particular people, in fact, as the only people of God. He assures Abraham that his progeny will inhabit and possess the lands of Palestine, that they will be immeasurable, and that they will benefit from the security and attention of God over all their enemies. It is this promise and the relationship it entails concerning Yahweh, the one and only God, and His people that characterize the Hebrew cultural and historical distinctiveness. The bond implied by the word â€Å"berit† is the relationship involving a lord and his servants, for in Hebrew, a â€Å"berit† is a pledge that is made unilaterally by a lord to his servants that he will defend and provide for those servants. The promise is not compelled by law nor affected on the lord by his servants—it is utterly voluntary. The term â€Å"covenant† stands for â€Å"business deal,† or â€Å"contract,† and suggests a promise to provide one end of the contract if the other end is met. But a covenant is a two-sided arrangement; it obtains the participation of both parties and they are obligated only by the stipulations of the covenant or agreement. God’s berit, on the other hand, is carried out unilaterally exclusive of the involvement of Abraham or his people in the agreement. Abraham is merely chosen. As implied in the word, the relationship of God to his chosen people is a connection of a lord to his servants; the chosen people, as servants, owe to God first and foremost obedience. In this sense, the Abrahamic berit is open-ended; by picking Abraham’s offspring, God is requiring of that offspring absolute submission and deference for all the rules to come in the future. For God has not bared His regulations to His chosen people in the time of Abraham; that will appear centuries later when the Hebrews are set free from Egypt. Reference: 1. Hooker, Richard, World Civilizations, 1996.

Gambling Speech

First , casinos play a big part in alluring people to play. Their flashy signs, lights, and even the e sound of people winning can be attractive even to the casual gamblers. Secondly, ca Sino can be found everywhere. There are thousands of casinos, making it convenience NT. One recent USA statistic shows that 70,000 to 105,000 citizens have financial probe ms caused by gambling and many were already broke before becoming addicted. Additionally, the gamblers family and friends are also affected.An addicted GA ambler can use all the funds available to them, causing family financial problems. So we can see that gambling can be very addictive, and each person should assess why t hey are gambling. Most gamblers usually can't rationally see their addiction. Therefore e, it is sometimes better if family or friends intervene. Depression, distress, migraines and anxiety related disorders are effects of GA ambling. But why do people still gamble if it can have such severe effects and consensus encase? Well, consider that casinos have positive benefits.One belief is that casinos AR e good for our economy or gambling can fill some emotional or psychological need. Many people don't understand when someone becomes addicted to gambling, there ex.'s not always an easy fix for the addiction. Also, gambling doesn't have a â€Å"low percept mintage† of winning. This is why many people think they II win a lot of money or recover their losses, because there's a good opportunity to win. The problem is, it's just as easy to lose. If you play 5 times, you might win 2 of those times and 3 times you'll wall k out with nothing.The gambler's only thoughts are about trying to win again, and t hey get addicted to that feeling; so its easy to see the appeal and how it keeps you go ins even when you continue to lose. What can we do to stop or reduce gambling in our world? Before you help 10th errs, help yourself. Ask yourself if you'd ever think about gambling and if it would be any DO D for you? Would you gamble to relieve stress, to have fun or for a onetime eve NT? Next, you could always seek help from God.Praying about the people addicted and knowing what we can do to help them is one step towards making the world a little bit better. Furthermore, we can spread the truth about gambling. Casinos are profitable from gamblers based on positive beliefs about gambling and we should raise aware knees of gambling effects and assist those who are addicted. 1 Timothy 6:10 says â€Å"The e love of money is the root of all evil. † Those who are rich in this world should not 10 eve money ore than God, who already provides us with everything for our enjoyment.Although money is a necessity to live, it should not be the main pursuit in our lives. Our main focus should be on God and our faith towards Him. Gambling is legal in many places which makes it easily accessible and is a maim contributor to the addiction problem. Perhaps the casinos and government c loud better monitor the casinos to help the gamblers. If you are considering gambling so onetime, think about what you are supporting, how it could affect your life, and maybe what you could do to help someone you know whose gambling too much.

Visual Communication in Advertising and How It Meets Form Follow Essay

Visual Communication in Advertising and How It Meets Form Follow Function Criterion - Essay Example Although there are many functions that can be applicable to various forms, this paper will be geared towards messages conveyed by still graphic designs in signs and advertisements. Why The Interest on Form and Function in Graphic Design and Visual Communication? The reason behind choosing advertising was based on the fact that the advertising sector can be viewed as the most competitive area where an object of design has to capture audience’s attention and inform effectively in the shortest possible time through correct application of elements of visual communication. I believe that role of visual communication is vital in modern advertising culture where people are bombarded with visual information through various media channels. It is possible that at this stage the balance between ‘form follows function’ becomes shifted more towards emphasis on ‘form’ as a factor that will secure audience’s attention and response. This may lead to exaggerate d and imaginative design efforts aimed at describing an item with simple straightforward function. This overemphasis can be observed in many modern TV commercials where the entire story line and acting and special effects can be deployed to promote something as trivial as new variety of a morning cereal. However, the question now is if such efforts towards the production of form serve the function of selling the product. Review of Literature Graphic design is defined as â€Å"the ‘art’ of communication – to inform, educate, influence, persuade, and provide a visual experience†(Resnick, 2003, p. 15). Lawrie (2008) claims that the visual communication of ideas or concepts is the primary function of graphic design while evoking feelings, either emotional or kinaesthetic ones, are considered its secondary function. Graphic designers intend their designs to effectively carry out its meaning and that its target audience clearly understand it. For this to be effe ctive, the designer should know how his target audience ascribes meaning to the design, so he is required to adopt to their perceptual views and share their experiences (Lawrie, 2008). A simple example would be the separate icons for toilets for men and women. The most basic icon of a woman with a flared skirt posted at the door of a toilet can be easily identified by anyone so women know it is the toilet for them and men will not enter that door because it is clearly not for them. This basic example shows the effectiveness of the relationship between form (simple icon for gender) and function (to identify which toilet is for women and which one is for men). However, going a step beyond the basic design such as putting in more feminine details for the female icon and masculine details for the male icon may trigger a stronger emotional or kinaesthetic response. An example would be giving the effect of feeling like royalty when they enter the toilet with the icon of either a king or a queen at the door. These two kinds of icons have different forms, and the function of identifying which toilet to use is the same, however, the second example may evoke a more personal meaning and experience. The previous examples illustrate Hollein’

Impacts of Globalization on French Culture Research Paper

Impacts of Globalization on French Culture - Research Paper Example The paper will establish the effects of globalization on a region with emphasis on West African region. Finally, the paper will focus on the effects of globalization on international immigrants. Impacts of globalization on French culture French culture is commonly regarded as the culture of people who live in the modern day France. However, the French culture or French influence is not only constrained to Europe since France is an influential country. The French culture is practiced in other parts of the world that have had a close relationship with modern day France or the French community. This includes former French colonies found in Africa and other parts of the world. French culture is also practices in various parts of North America in countries such as the US and Canada. This resulted from high scale immigration of French citizens into the new world. In Africa, countries such as the Democratic Republic of Congo and Central Africa live and practice the French culture. The assim ilation aspect in the French colonization is the main factor that contributed to the establishments of French culture in African societies. The French culture is among the strongest cultures in Europe. In addition, French culture is also among the few European cultures that have existed or survived the influence and alienation of cultures. The French language is considered as the basic pillar of the French culture. The French language is also viewed as a factor that unites all people who are affiliated to the French culture. The importance of language to French culture indicates that any significant effect on the society is first pronounced through its language (Carrithers 19). This also indicates that any significant effect of globalization on French culture would first be pronounced through the French language before being effective on other aspects of the French society. Globalization results in increased connectivity and interdependence among global societies. The first result o f globalization is the spread of French language across global societies that were initially not among countries that practice French culture. French plays a major role in global economy and it is recognized world wide as a global business leader. The position of France in the global market and the existence of different global institutions in French territories have necessitated the use of the language. Currently the French language is the second most spoken language in the world. The French language holds the second position in popularity after the English language. French influence on global economy is the main factor that has contributed to the popularity of the French language. Currently French language has become a part of most school curriculum with most educational institutions teaching the language as a subject. France is also a major player in the entertainment industry.  

On Golden Pond Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

On Golden Pond Film - Essay Example The chief protagonist’s roles are played by ace actor and actress – Henry Fonda and Katherine Hepburn. ‘On Golden Pond’ is based on an affectionate and loving couple who spend their twilight years with each other and the different experiences that come in the wake of their life. The film portrays the difficulties faced by this couple in old age and how despite these difficulties they maintain their dignity and respect right through the end of the film. The thing that makes the film all the more interesting is that the audience can easily relate to it and identify themselves in similar situations. The inherent sentiment in the film is greatly enhanced and reinforced through the visual metaphor of a beautiful sunset over the Golden Pond. The breathtaking beautiful natural scenery of New England highlights the concept of emotional sentiment between the elderly couple and how they interact towards each other in specific situations. ‘On the Golden Pondâ₠¬â„¢ is all about real – life relationships and personalities which is what makes it much easier for the audience to connect and relate to. The filmmaker draws from the extensively publicized problems that were faced by Henry Fonda with his son and daughter. However, the central theme of the film is all about how a college professor and his wife take the much deserved privilege of a holiday in this idyllic spot to explore â€Å"life’s inner meaning†. The main plot of the film involves contrasting male senility against female strength. Though the characters are vulnerable to their situation, yet they do not appear to be so, due to Rydell’s technique of using high angle and bird’s eye shots that helps to maintain the illusion of his characters. This technique helps the characters to integrate and adapt themselves well with their environment. Rydell’s female protagonist, Katherine is a very devoted wife who is quite a free- spirited and carefre e character who even goes singing in the woods and picking up firewood, strawberries and flowers for the home. As a female pillar of strength, she forces the audience to understand the reversal of gender roles and their consequences. On the other hand, the male protagonist Fonda is always seen bemoaning his uncertainty of life because he is faced with the fact of gradually losing his memory and the deterioration of his physical health. The conflict between the Fondas emerges quite early in the film as Henry’s mental health seems to be getting even worse. For example, he accuses the operator of having called them a classic ‘Exhibit A’ memory loss. He also looks at an old photograph of him and his wife with their child Chelsea and enquires who that child was. In Fonda, we could understand the serious consequences of retirement that manifests itself through unpleasant confrontation with his daughter and constant nagging which he uses as a recourse to be in control o f his status and situation which becomes more complex as he increases in age. He is unable to accept the reality of his situation and a feeling of uselessness creeps over him. These behaviors are exhibited by the character Norman due to aging according to his chronological age and also due to the fact he is unable to accept the fact of aging, retirement and other physical and mental disabilities that accompany it. On close observation of this character we come to understand that he is unable to come to terms with himself by accepting his infirmities and

Type II Diabetes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Type II Diabetes - Research Paper Example This equates to approximately $1 of every $10 health care dollars spent caring for this illness. Like all other healthcare issues in the United States, this cost has only increased in recent years. Although the statistics in the U.S. are staggering, the International Diabetes Federation reports that of the ten most diabetes-prone countries in the world, seven of them are developing countries that don’t typically have access to the best treatment, medicine or have reliable reporting techniques to be able to track the illness. Diabetes increases an individual’s risks of stroke and heart disease as well as present a number of other health problems. â€Å"These life-threatening consequences strike people with diabetes more than twice as often as they do others† (American Diabetes Association, 2006). Other complications associated with diabetes include kidney disease, blindness, and the threat of amputations. â€Å"In some countries in the Caribbean and the Middle Ea st, the percentage of the diabetic population ranges from 12 to 20 percent† (Dorfman, 2007). Regardless of one’s position within the medical profession, one should have knowledge of this illness and the way in which it can affect patient health. Insulin is the primary factor involved in diabetes. A healthy body produces insulin as a means of managing the levels of glucose within the bloodstream. Glucose is a simple sugar that enters the body through consumed food and makes its way into red blood cells as one of the body’s primary sources of energy. In a healthy body, the levels of glucose remain relatively constant, giving the individual a stable source of energy throughout the day. This is accomplished through the production of glucagons and insulin, both specific forms of hormones produced by the pancreas. The insulin acts as a regulator of glucose, preventing it from disproportionate increases. Type II diabetes refers to ‘non-insulin-dependent’ or

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 98

History - Essay Example The fifteenth century financial crisis also meant a stop to financing to the influential and controlling marabouts and Sharifian families (Tignor, Adelman, Aron, Kotkin, and Marchand). The Islamic dynasties of the fifteenth century responded through the disruption of trade networks in the quest to rebuild devastated polities. The new polities enjoyed support because of the establishment of hereditary ruling families. Clear rules of succession promoted stability in the regions and enabled dynasties to form alliances and strengthen their armies. The Islamic dynasties of the sixteenth century focused on state-building efforts through religion and taxes. In consequence, they enjoyed substantial prolonged existence and impact on the masses. New administrative practices were common in their responses. The leaders enhanced local religious and cultural traditions, and religious harmony enhanced the much-needed economic progress. The Mali, Baghdad, and Cairo Muslim societies served as commercial trading centers. In Mali, the indigenous African dynasty adopted Islam through nonviolent means, while India was marred with brutal attacks against Hindu and Buddhist temples. In India, the Islamic society took some time before it stabilized and enjoyed peace because it relied on fear to keep subjects subservient. India was split into Muslim and Hindu territories while Africans in Mali largely accepted Islam. The Muslim societies that emerged in Mali prospered because of the vastness of the region. The traditional Muslim societies in Baghdad and Cairo faced political divisions because of religious differences. In Cairo, different social groups applied Islam differently because it was seen as a complex and diverse religion. Even so, they all agreed on the basic tenets of the religion. The early forms of Muslim cultures were guided by Arab influences, and most of the tenets were adopted from the behaviors

Gold Marilyn Monroe and Self-Portrait with Cropped Hair Essay

Gold Marilyn Monroe and Self-Portrait with Cropped Hair - Essay Example The essay "Gold Marilyn Monroe and Self-Portrait with Cropped Hair" analyzes wo paintings, Self-Portrait with Cropped Hair by Frida Kahlo and Gold Marilyn Monroe by Andy Warhol. Self-Portrait with Cropped Hair, by Frida Kahlo hangs at the Museum of Modern Art in New York, currently on show among other masterpieces of the time. Kahlo painted this medium-sized canvas in 1940, shortly after her divorce from Diego Rivera. Theirs was a tempestuous relationship, shown by their remarriage the following year and the content of this picture, which shows Kahlo after she sheared off most of her long hair . Many art critics have opinions about why she painted herself in such a masculine way: short hair, man’s suit, unladylike posture. It is perhaps to state that after her husband’s infidelity with her own sister Cristina, she was making herself unattractive, unfeminine and unapproachable. Others say she always had masculine tendencies, shown by her relationships with women. The tru th lies somewhere between, more related to grief and mourning than to statements of gender. Kahlo was part Jewish. She was very close to her German-Jewish father Wilhelm Kahlo , and was probably expressing the Jewish way of grieving something lost, something dead: her love. The verse from Jeremiah (Ch 7, v 29), in the Old Testament: ‘Shave your head in mourning, and weep alone on the mountains.’ And in Micah Ch 1:1, ‘Weep, you people of Judah! Shave your heads in sorrow...’ are well known. It is almost certain Kahlo would have known.

Principle of Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Principle of Marketing - Case Study Example Coca Cola offers more than 400 hundred brands in over 200 countries.2.The five brands of Coca Cola are as follows- Product life cycle can be explained as the different stages starting from the introduction stage to the decline stage that a specific product goes through. Product life cycle assessment is conducted to find out the current life cycle stage of the product. Life-cycle assessment aims to find out the environmental burdens throughout the whole life-cycle of a product starting from raw material procurement, production, use and finally to disposal.3 Consider the extension of product life cycle and the Jenkins customer growth matrix. Identify and discuss how Coca Cola might have applied these models to help ensure the continued success of Coca Cola products in the market place. Extension of product life cycle and Jenkins customer growth matrix might have been applied by Coca Cola for ensuring the continued success of the Coca Cola products in the market. It is being explained below. Existing customers-existing products: only a very few companies have a 100% share of customers share. Customers buy a product marketed by a variety of marketers. Only true-blue customers always buy the same product marketed by a specific company. ... It is being explained below. Existing customers-existing products: only a very few companies have a 100% share of customers share. Customers buy a product marketed by a variety of marketers. Only true-blue customers always buy the same product marketed by a specific company. Coca Cola could have trued to increase its share of customers' expenditure by increasing its sale among the potential consumers. As Coca Cola has already a wide distribution channel and global presence, by implementing this growth strategy Coca Cola could have expanded its client base. Existing customers-new products: This growth strategy calls for introduction of new products targeted at the existing consumers. A company has to be able to crate value through introduction of new products. Coca Cola could have introduced new products targeted at the existing consumers. A Coca Cola has a vast number of loyal consumers across the globe; Coca Cola could be taken advantage of its position in the existing consumers mind. Considering the image of Coca Cola and its current loyal customer base across the globe, implementation of this strategy could have brought positive results for Coca Cola by strengthening its bottom line. Existing products-new customers: This growth strategy requires expanding the current customer base through increasing market share. Coca Cola could have used this strategy considering its global presence as well as splendid brand equity. Attracting new customers to its wide array of brands could be easier for Coca Cola as its products are viewed as superior than its competitors' products. Furthermore, the existing heavy users could also have been utilized for marketing campaign in the form of WOM (word of moth).

Evaluating Aristotle Essay Example for Free

Evaluating Aristotle Essay Far from being a social constraint, or perhaps a force that elicits fear of being caught, the motives that move a person to choose what is good and avoid what is evil draw well the fine line that separates actions that may be regarded as moral, or those that are immoral. Ethics is important, if not necessary in relation to human living. At the very least, this science helps maintain the fundamental order of and within a society. This is possible because ethics is not only a theory that informs people about what is good or bad, it also asks them to adhere to the principles it teaches. It is thus both informative and formative, or both a theory and practice, consistent with how it is commonly defined: â€Å"the discipline dealing with what is good and bad, and with moral duty and obligation† (Merriam-Webster). But what would perhaps be an equally interesting point to look at is the diverging manner by which many people believe to be the basis of moral action. Key to understanding this would be to ask: why be moral? It may help to cite three notable thinkers who have given their own take of the matter. Aristotle, Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill on Ethics Aristotle’s most eloquent articulation of his ethical theories figures in his infamous work called Nicomachean Ethics. In it, his overarching concern to prove that ethics is chiefly related to the concept of â€Å"ends† (or purposes) can be learned. According to Aristotle, every human activity hopes to achieve the â€Å"end† or the â€Å"good† to which it is pursued – e. g. , â€Å"in medicine this is health, in strategy victory, in architecture a house† (Nicomachean Ethics, 7). While Aristotle further contends that there are activities which are pursued for its own sake – and not for the sake of arriving at a good apart from the activities themselves (Nicomachean Ethics, 1) – his work manifests a greater emphasis laid on the goal-orientedness of all human activities. Now, Aristotle further maintains that human life too has an inherent end that needs to be pursued. He thinks of this fundamental human good as happiness – â€Å"the best, noblest, and most pleasant thing in the world† (Nicomachean Ethics, 8). And he himself argues that it is an end that must be pursued not for the sake of anything else, but precisely because it is a chief good in itself (Nicomachean Ethics, 7). Ethics for Aristotle is therefore basically a virtuous accordance of all human activities relative to happiness. This is where his virtue ethics takes shape. In order for all men to attain happiness, Aristotle believes that everyone needs to develop a virtue – a habit of acting that promotes an excellence in one’s use of reason. This is what Aristotle in essence implies when he says that â€Å"happiness is an activity of soul in accordance with perfect virtue† (Nicomachean Ethics, 13). Immanuel Kant’s is a philosopher who elevated ethics into the realm of metaphysics – that is, it is a science drawn from a priori principles (read: from demonstration or logic and not from a particular experiences) but are applied to definite situations in life as well (Kant, 1). This implies that ethics is something that must be applied for all men, in all places, and at all times. Simply put, ethics for Immanuel Kant is both necessary and universal in scope. It is necessary because all men are obliged by the dictates of their reason to obey moral laws; it is universal because moral laws care for no exception. Which is why, Kant believes that moral laws are â€Å"categorical imperatives† – a law that â€Å"concerns not the matter of the action, nor its intended result, but its form and the principle of which it is itself a result†, because it is â€Å"conceived as good in itself† and that it conforms to reason (Kant, 18-19). If only to clarify, Kant here states that a moral law must be obeyed neither on account of the benefit it brings nor the pleasure it elicits, but precisely because it is good in itself. In a way, a moral law is an empty formulation about duty; meaning, it is something that needs to be obeyed on account of nothing else but the adherence to the law itself. Should it be asked how one can arrive at a knowledge of moral law which is both necessary and universal, Immanuel Kant suggests that one can test human actions in reference to, say, this particular formulation: â€Å"act only on a maxim that you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law† (Kant, 23). John Stuart Mill meanwhile proposes a philosophy of ethics based on a more utilitarian perspective. In his work entitled Utilitarianism, he regards the outcome of an activity as the basis for evaluating the ethical repercussions of any action. He articulate this idea quite clearly in saying, â€Å"†¦utility or Happiness (must be) considered as the directive rule of human conduct† (Mill). In other words, ethics is based on how one carefully weighs in the maximum amount of happiness that may result from choosing an action, against the background of a host of alternative options. He even calls this approach the â€Å"Greatest Happiness Principle† – the â€Å"ultimate end with reference to and for the sake of which† all human activities become â€Å"desirable† (Mill). It works under the premise that before a person acts, he or she would have first appreciated which decision would turn in the best returns or outcomes, both in terms of quality and quality. Mill’s ethical philosophy, one may quickly notice, runs in serious contradiction with Aristotle and Kant, whose theories have taught the necessity of adhering to a virtuous life or to a moral imperative not on account of any purpose, but solely because of good inherent in the act itself. As Mill himself notes, â€Å"according to the utilitarian opinion, the end of human action, is necessarily also the standard of morality† (Mill). By Way of Conclusion: My Definition of Ethics Based on the above discussed ethical notions – its basis, nature and implications – I wish to conclude this paper with a proposal to define ethics as a norm that forms human freedom and, like Immanuel Kant, a law that must be universal and categorical. Firstly, I find that the tendency to define morality in terms of obligation does not at times appreciate the full weight of human freedom. But morality is precisely a human endeavor not only because humans have reason, but more importantly because actions stem from the fundamental use freedom as well. Moral acts, one must carefully note, are arrived at only with the proper education and nurturance of human freedom. It is in fact drawn from the basic premise that human freedom is at its best when one is able to use it to build up one’s welfare, as well as those of others. I am of the opinion that anyone who wish to expound on the ethical standards of an action must first begin with the evaluation of human freedom. In this way, ethics can shed light into the need to use the faculty of freewill for the sake of the goodness inherent in itself – as Aristotle and Kant have argued –, and directed towards the goodness of something else – as Mill has on the other hand proposed. Second, in an ethical theory where human freedom is of critical importance, it is thus wise to adopt the logic from which Immanuel Kant derives his categorical imperative. As one would notice, Kant’s maxim â€Å"do something as though you would want that action be done for all people† touches on two fundamental areas of ethics – the decision of the person, or human freedom, and the universality of the scope of moral laws. I find Kant here to be a great source of insight. With his theory, I believe that I can adopt the position that ethics is a science that forms human freedom because, in Kant’s maxim, the subjective capacity for self-determination is tempered by the duty to obey objective laws. Kant’s categorical imperative does little to undermine freedom, as it does try hard to protect the universal applicability of moral law. In this regard, I would therefore say that Kant’s ethical theory is the best position to take, at least from the perspective of ethical notion that I have chosen to adopt. References Aristotle. â€Å"Nicomachean Ethics†. 29 June 2008, http://classics. mit. edu/Aristotle/nicomachaen. 1. i. html â€Å"ethic. † Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 2008. Merriam-Webster Online. 29 June 2008 http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/ethic Kant, Immanuel. â€Å"Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals†. 29 June 2008 http://www. scribd. com/doc/2225702/kantfundamental143 Mill, J. S. â€Å"Utilitarianism†. 29 June 2008 http://utilitarianism. org/mill2. htm

The Main Purpose of Magnetic Separation Machine Essay Example for Free

The Main Purpose of Magnetic Separation Machine Essay The magnetic separator is one of commonly used preparation equipments in magnetic separation factory. It has dry and wet two types. According to types of magnets, it can be divided into permanent magnet type and electromagnet type. It is also can be divided into strong magnet type, middle magnet type and weak magnet type according to the magnetic field strength. Different magnetic separators have different characteristics and performance. The common things have magnetite iron ore (belong to strong magnetic minerals), hematite (belong to weak magnetic minerals), limonite, lens iron ore, siderite (they are weak magnetic minerals), etc. They are the raw materials of iron and steel industry, Chinas iron ore grade is low, most of the impurities high, so more than 80 percent of the need for magnetic separation. Manganese, such as hard manganese, pyrolusite, rhodochrosite are weakly magnetic, commonly used in magnetic separation recovery. Ilmenite, wolframite, monazite (phosphorus cerium lanthanum mine), niobium-tantalum minerals are weakly magnetic minerals. Also commonly used in the recovery of magnetic separation. If the above examples are magnetic minerals as a purpose of mineral recovery (the magnetic minerals as a concentrate) is regarded non-metallic mineral beneficiation of iron, titanium and other mineral impurities harmful ingredients, generally magnetic method removed. For example, the beneficiation of kaolin, kyanite, quartz, feldspar, tourmaline, etc. are generally used magnetic separation to remove iron, titanium minerals. Heavy media beneficiation ferrosilicon or magnetite to do to increase the quality, magnetic separation is a simple and effective method of recycling to increase the quality of this application, common in the coal preparation plant. The broken ore crushing crusher broken cavity into the Iron Crusher will be damaged, commonly used magnetic separation to remove the material in the iron. Comprehensive utilization of the useful ingredients in the processing of waste, wastewater, waste gas, such as three wastes to protect the environment, application of magnetic separation is also available. Example, recycling steel slag in steel mills, power plants deal with fly ash, steel mill wastewater treatment, there is the method of magnetic separation. The magnetic fluid separation method is a new magnetic separation process, the use of a magnetic liquid in a magnetic field may increase the role of objects immersed in the great magnetic force can separate objects of different density. The United States, Japan and other countries using magnetic fluid separation method to deal with auto junk, and our country are mainly used in the beneficiation of diamonds

Features of Goodpastures Syndrome

Features of Goodpastures Syndrome Introduction Goodpastures syndrome, a rare autoimmune disease is characterized by anti-GBM (anti-glomerular basement membrane) antibodies attacking glomerular and alveolar basement membranes of the kidneys and lungs respectively. It was first reported by Dr. Ernest William Goodpasture in 1919 and first used by Stanton and Tange in 1957 in their case studies involving nine patients with the pulmonary-renal syndrome. [1, 2] Clinical Features   Ã‚   The onset of this disease ranges from the ages of 20-30 and 60-70 especially in young men in their late twenties or in men and women over sixty years of age study. [3] The diagnostic techniques involved in detection of Goodpastures syndrome include i) urine analysis that detects kidney damage by presence of high number of red blood cells or protein in the urine sample ii) blood tests showing the presence of anti-GBM antibodies iii) x-rays that can show anomalies in lung anatomy or iv) biopsies that involve imaging of a kidney tissue sample to demonstrate glomeruli characterised by crescent-shaped structures and lines of antibodies attached to the GBM. [4] While Goodpastures syndrome constitutes the representation of clinical features like rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) and pulmonary hemorrhage from any cause, Goodpasture disease also includes the presence of anti-GBM antibodies in addition to the other characteristics. The term anti-GBM disease constitutes a patient with the typical autoantibodies, irrespective of clinical symptoms and characteristic features. [1,5] The clinical manifestations associated with Goodpastures syndrome include acute renal failure resulting from rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis along with pulmonary hemorrhage that might prove fatal. The symptoms in relation to it consist of bleeding of lungs, kidney failure, hematuria, proteinuria, general malaise, fatigue, and weight loss. [1,6,7,8,9] The exact etiology of this syndrome is not known however there seem to be genetic and environmental risk factors. The factors being i) exposure to organic solvents or hydrocarbons ii) smoking and drugs iii) infection iv) exposure to metal particulate matter v) lymphocyte-depletion therapy. [1,5,10] The characteristic pathology in individuals experiencing the Goodpastures Syndrome can be detected by immunofluorescence staining technique of the IgG on the GBM that shows smooth diffuse linear patterns. [11] Hemodialysis, plasma exchange, cyclophosphamide drugs and immunosuppressive agents like methylprednisolone pulse therapy or oral administration of prednisolone are possible treatments for Goodpastures syndrome. [12,13,14] Basic Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms The localization of immunoglobulin IgG deposits at sites of inflammation within the pulmonary and renal basement membranes shows Goodpastures syndrome (a form of the anti-GBM disease) to be an antibody-mediated autoimmune disease. The pathogenic role of these antibodies has been confirmed by  transplantation of circulating or kidney-eluted anti-GBM antibodies to Rhesus monkey or human kidney allografts that result in the development of the disease.  A type II hypersensitivity reaction occurs when antibodies are targeted against extracellular matrix (ECM) specific antigens. [15]   The hypersensitivity response affects all organs in the body of which collagen is a constituent but the alveolar and glomerular basement membranes are more prone to the effect. This discrepancy is a result of increased accessibility of epitopes (antigen molecules facilitating attachment to a matching antibody) linked to overexpression of ÃŽÂ ±3 collagen chains in the respective basement membranes allowing access and formation of antibodies. [16] While ÃŽÂ ±3NC1 antibodies are the most common in patients with Goodpastures syndrome, ÃŽÂ ±5NC1 antibodies are less prevalent. Sometimes antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody [ANCA] can also be present. [5,17] The disorder develops antibodies that target ÃŽÂ ±3 chain of basement membrane collagen (type IV collagen) present in alveoli in lungs and in the glomeruli that form the filtering units of the kidneys within the nephrons. These structures contain the basement membrane with collagen as its essential component that differentiates the epithelia from the underlying tissue. The conformational epitopes of the Goodpasture antigen are localized within 2 regions in the carboxyl terminal, noncollagenous (NC1) domain of a type IV collagen chain, ÃŽÂ ±3(IV)NC1. [1, 5, 18]. Upon interaction of the anti-GBM antibodies with the conformational epitope of the GBM glycoproteins, the complement pathway of the immune system gets activated. This results in infiltration by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and monocytes. The severely damaged GBM induces reflux of fibrinogen into the Bowman space, fibrinogen polymerizes to fibrin through the proliferation of procoagulant factors from activated mono cytes, leading to a crescent formation.[19] Goodpastures syndrome is linked with specific HLA types. Both positive (HLA-DR15) and negative (HLA-DR7) associations are defined and being used to develop an understanding of antigen presentation, tolerance and autoimmunity. [20,21,22] Recent Developments Recent developments like the plasmapheresis technique, steroidal drugs, and immunosuppressive therapy have drastically ameliorated the course of the medical condition in comparison to yesteryears, in which Goodpasture syndrome was deemed fatal. [23] Zhao et al., demonstrate the significant role of ÃŽÂ ±5NC1-specific antibodies in pathogenesis of Goodpastures disease and also re-confirm ÃŽÂ ±345 collagen IV molecule as the original GP autoantigen. [17] The invention of a drug, now patented, with its active element containing boron  that constitutes inhibitors of arginase activity has claimed remedial effects in the pathological state of Goodpastures Syndrome. [24] A recently developed, patented prophylaxis for glomerulonephritis resulting from Goodpastures syndrome comprises of administration of a therapeutically effective amount of an IL-6 antibody that binds with or regulates the expression or activity of a mammalian IL-6 polypeptide. [25] Conclusions Goodpastures Syndrome is an autoimmune disease characterized by anti-GBM antibodies attacking glomerular and alveolar basement membranes. The innate immune response comprises of (i) cell death; (ii) polymorphonuclear cell releasing neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, antigens and monocytes to infiltrate the glomerulus. The adaptive immune response triggers the classical pathway of complement activated by antigen-antibody complex formation, and type II hypersensitivity reaction. Here antigens are targeted against cell- specific and tissue specific antigens (chiefly the connective tissue). Unanswered Questions Currently, there is a lot of research focusing on deciphering the causative agents of the harmful antibodies that lead to the development of Goodpastures syndrome. Evidence from this research can lead to novel drug discovery, eventually leading to a potential definitive cure for Goodpastures syndrome. [17] The exact the genetic determinants that constitute the etiology of Goodpastures syndrome are yet to be found. Bibliography Salama AD, Pusey CD. Goodpasture syndrome and other antiglomerular basement membrane diseases. In: Gilbert SJ, Weiner DE, eds. National Kidney Foundations Primer on Kidney Diseases. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2014: chap 21. Benoit, F. L., D. B. Rulon, G. B. Theil, P. D. Doolan, and R. H. Watten. Goodpastures syndrome: a clinicopathologic entity. The American journal of medicine 37, no. 3 (1964): 424-444. Hudson B, Tryggvason K, Sundaramoorthy M, Neilson E. Alport syndrome, goodpasture syndrome, and type IV Collagen. New Engl J Med 2003; 348:2543-56. Fervenza, Fernando C. Goodpasture Syndrome | NIDDK National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/glomerular-diseases/goodpasture-syndrome (accessed March 1, 2017). Phelps RG, Turner AN. Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease and Goodpasture disease. In: Johnson RJ, Feehally J, Floege J, eds. Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2015: chap 24. Lahmer T, Heemann U. Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody disease: a rare autoimmune disorder affecting the kidney and the lung. Autoimmun Rev 2012;12:169-73. Pedchenko V, Bondar O, Fogo AB, Vanacore R, Voziyan P, Kitching AR, et al. Molecular architecture of the Goodpasture autoantigen in anti-GBM nephritis. N Engl J Med2010;363:343-54. Salant David J. Goodpastures disease new secrets revealed. N Engl J Med 2010; 363:388-91. Dammacco F, Battaglia S, Gesualdo L, Racanelli V. Goodpastures disease: a report of ten cases and a review of the literature. Autoimmun Rev 2013;12:1101-8. Jones, Joanne L., Sara AJ Thompson, Priscilla Loh, Jessica L. Davies, Orla C. Tuohy, Allison J. Curry, Laura Azzopardi et al. Human autoimmunity after lymphocyte depletion is caused by homeostatic T-cell proliferation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110, no. 50 (2013): 20200-20205. MD, Edward. Renal Pathology http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/RENAHTML/RENAL093.html (accessed March 1, 2017). Greco, Antonio, Maria Ida Rizzo, Armando De Virgilio, Andrea Gallo, Massimo Fusconi, Giulio Pagliuca, Salvatore Martellucci, Rosaria Turchetta, Lucia Longo, and Marco De Vincentiis. Goodpastures syndrome: a clinical update. Autoimmunity reviews 14, no. 3 (2015): 246-253. Bolton, W. Kline. Goodpastures syndrome. Kidney international 50, no. 5 (1996): 1753-1766. Johnson, John P., Walter Whitman, William A. Briggs, and Curtis B. Wilson. Plasmapheresis and immunosuppressive agents in anti-basement25] membrane antibody-induced Goodpastures syndrome. The American journal of medicine 64, no. 2 (1978): 354-359. Rutgers A, Meyers KEC, Canziani G, Kalluri R, Lin J, Madaio MP. High affinity of anti-GBM antibodies from Goodpasture and transplanted Alport patients to 3 (IV) NC1 collagen. Kidney Int. 2000;58:115-122. Kelly, Patrick T., and Edward F. Haponik. Goodpasture syndrome: molecular and clinical advances. Medicine 73, no. 4 (1994): 171-185. Zhao J, Cui Z, Yang R, et al. Anti-glomerular basement membrane autoantibodies against different target antigens are associated with disease severity. Kidney Int 2009; 76:1108. Borza, Dorin-Bogdan, Eric G. Neilson, and Billy G. Hudson. Pathogenesis of Goodpasture syndrome: a molecular perspective. In Seminars in nephrology, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 522-531. WB Saunders, 2003. Morita, Takashi, Yasunosuke Suzuki, and Jacob Churg. Structure and development of the glomerular crescent. The American journal of pathology 72, no. 3 (1973): 349. Phelps, Richard G., and Andrew J. Rees. The HLA complex in Goodpastures disease: a model for analyzing susceptibility to autoimmunity. Kidney international 56, no. 5 (1999): 1638-1653. Phelps, Richard G., Victoria Jones, A. Neil Turner, and Andrew J. Rees. Properties of HLA class II molecules divergently associated with Goodpastures disease. International immunology 12, no. 8 (2000): 1135-1143. Turner AN, Rees AJ. Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease (Chapter 3.11). In: Cameron SDAM, Grunfeld JP, Kerr DNS, Ritz E, eds Oxford Textbook of Nephrology, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1997 Shah MK, Hugghins SY. Characteristics and outcomes of patients with Goodpastures syndrome. South Med J 2002;95:1411-8. Van Zandt, Michael, Adam Golebiowski, Min Koo Ji, Darren Whitehouse, Todd Ryder, and Raymond Paul Beckett. Inhibitors of arginase and their therapeutic applications. U.S. Patent 9,266,908, issued February 23, 2016. Marshall, Diane, and Stevan Shaw. Method for the treatment of glomerulonephritis by administering an IL-6 antibody. U.S. Patent 9,321,837, issued April 26, 2016.