Thursday, December 26, 2019

American Framework of Political Ideology - 1293 Words

Within the relatively narrow American framework of political ideology, which leaves little room for left-wing diversity, I would be classified somewhere between a general liberal and a libertarian. Many of my beliefs are libertarian, such as my firm conviction that drug prohibition has failed miserably and is a dangerous policy to perpetuate. However, some of my core beliefs are more socialist in nature, such as my strong conviction that Americans should not just have universal access to K-12 education, but also to higher education and health care services. One could easily say that I would be comfortable in a Northern European country, where it is possible to hold socialist and libertarian values together. American left-wing ranter extraordinare and linguist Noam Chomsky calls himself a libertarian socialist, a term I do not find entirely distasteful (Chomsky Otero, 2003. However, labels and tags never seem to work for describing the complexity of beliefs that comprise an intellige nt political ideology. Just as coloring inside the lines is anathema to the creative spirit, forcing issue beliefs into the square holes of rigid political ideology is unhealthy and damaging for the democratic process. Therefore, I will only say that I have sympathy for the ideologies that are social liberalism, libertarianism, and socialism. Libertarian socialism might seem like a strange and even contradictory ideology. It is sometimes misunderstood. DeHavilland (2003) claims that it isShow MoreRelatedU.s. Presidential Election Elections Essay1328 Words   |  6 Pagesof the most recent decade, there has been a significant surge in American independent voters. It is of verifiable significance to put into thought the effects of these voters, especially, since the United States (U.S.) currently undergone its eagerly awaited 2016 Presidential General Election. It is with relevance to presidential elections that we have seen a political surge on American independent voters and thus having political candidates attempt to sway their view, we have seen fundamental compellingRead MoreMachiavelli In American Politics934 Words   |  4 PagesMachiavelli In American Politics In his landmark political treatise The Prince, Italian diplomat Niccolo Machiavelli put forth a framework for ruling a people that is at once derided and deferred to even today. The highly controversial ideology calls for a firm, even ruthless form of leadership that commands respect through any means necessary. Machiavelli allows even for the use of fear, violence and evil where appropriate. But it is in defining where these tactics are appropriate that we enterRead MoreRacism Without Racists Essay1059 Words   |  5 Pagesperpetuate racial inequality. In Racism Without Racists, Bonilla-Silva describes the justification of this new nonracial racial ideology that he calls colorblind racism. Bonilla-Silva posits that this new colorblind ideology was centered on four central themes, â€Å"abstract liberalism, naturalization, cultural racism, and minimization of racism.†(p26). These frameworks provide white America with the false notion of racial equality. The first, and most emphasized frame, abstract liberalism, is basedRead MoreLibertarian Party Vs. Liberal Politics1294 Words   |  6 PagesIn a political atmosphere where it is easy to be labeled as either conservative or liberal, this simple label is becoming more difficult. Non-traditional ideologies are now emerging into the political arena that in prior elections would have been scoffed at. This 2016 election has shown a clear rise in support for Libertarianism, Democratic Socialism, and Authoritarianism. That is why it is important to understand what these ideologies mean through definition, policy preferences and the true impactRead MoreThe Importance Of Decisions In The Government850 Words   |  4 Pa gescompact illumination of the president impact on its terms. Q3. What do political ideologies have to do with the President’s influence? Political theories in the United States insinuates the distinctive conviction frameworks and ideological economics in the United States. Locals in the U.S. all around orchestrate themselves as adherent to positions along the political range as either liberal, dynamic, direct, or direct. Current American progressivism goes for the insurance and growth of human, social andRead MoreSocial Construction Of Nature And Environmental Change1705 Words   |  7 Pagesus to utilize our course objectives to address the requirements of the assignment. The objectives include how to apply the concepts of political ecology to environmental concerns, analyze the link between social, cultural, geographic, cultural, political factors, and environmental change, as well as assess methodological approaches used for research in political ecology. In addition, this assignment will discuss how reserves and national parks have been socially constructed/produced to be protectedRead MoreThe Political Structure Of The Libertarian Party1241 Words   |  5 PagesIn a political atmosphere where it is easy to be grouped up in either conservative or liberal, it is harder to see such an easy split more and more each day. Non-traditional candidates are now emerging into the political arena that in prior elections would have been scoffed at. Whether we are talking about the unusually high polling Libertarian candidate, Gary Johnson, the Democratic Socialist Bernie Sanders or the Authoritarian Republican Nominee, Donald Trump, It is getting harder and harder toRead MoreThe Clash of Civilization (Samuel Huntington Article Review) Essay945 Words   |  4 PagesChristianity, Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism and Islam. 4. Even though the west have never been more powerful in both cultural and economic influence, non-western civilizations have been promoting indigenization. 5. It is easier to change economic and political differences then to change cultural ones, because religion makes a sharp distinction between who you are? 6. regional trade has increased among similar cultures and floundered among dissimilar ones. A classic example of this notion is how JapanRead MoreThe Supreme Court s Marbury V. Madison Essay1140 Words   |  5 PagesMarbury v. Madison decision would forever alter the political framework of the United States. Resulting in the creation of judicial review—the power to determine if a piece of legislation is constitutional, that is, whether or not it infringes on the provisions of existing law —the Marbury v. Madison decision arguably made the judicial branch the most powerful division of the federal government. Today, judicial review is a fundamental part of American government, standing as a testament of the significanceRead MoreThe Importance Of The Declaration Of Independence1147 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout history, it is essential for a nation to create a political and moral framework that can be used and depended on. To create such a framework is no easy task, a nd building support for that framework is even more difficult. In the case of our nation, the United States declared their independence with a national document, ratifying the Declaration of Independence on July 4th, 1776 and announcing the thirteen American colonies as sovereign states. The Declaration of Independence received wide-spread

Tuesday, December 17, 2019

Character Development in the Oedipus Cycle - 875 Words

In the Oedipus Cycle Sophocles conveys a powerful message through his charactersÂâ€"that with experience comes wisdom, and with wisdom comes the ability to see the truth. Oedipus is the man of unyielding pride and arrogance, Creon, his brother, is the crafty politician, and Antigone, the daughter of Oedipus, is perceptive and righteous. These three characters personae play a major role in making the idea of truth tangible. In the beginning of Oedipus Rex, Oedipus is still riding on the power high he received from solving the riddle of the sphinx and becoming King of Thebes overnight. When presented with the news of the plague from the local priest, Oedipus is eager to once again flaunt his skills and save the city of Thebes. Once†¦show more content†¦When Oedipus realizes what the gods had in store for him, Creon benevolently grants him all of his wishesÂâ€"to oversee his daughters safety and to exile him from Thebes. This character is markedly different from the Cr eon in Oedipus at Colonus. In the second play of the cycle Creon comes to Oedipus, Â…generous in words, but in reality evil. Creon attempts to attain the throne by gaining Oedipus favor and he cunningly tries to manipulate the chorus emotions so that he can avoid conflict. Unfortunately, for all of Creon s cleverness, Oedipus manages to get the upper hand and Creon demonstrates the length he will go to meet his ends by kidnapping Oedipus daughters. This brutality extends into Antigone but absolute power transforms his manipulation into outright tyranny. Creon finally achieves the ultimate dream of any politician and he relishes it so much that one of the first things he does as king is to decree that no one touch the body of Polyneices. Once he realizes the error of his ways, like Oedipus, Creon is too proud and arrogant to accept the facts. He believes, Â… all that I do is within my rights, yet his irrationality and blind fury is evident when he states that both si sters should be killed and then immediately changes his decision afterwards. He still refuses to retract the death sentence from Antigone until it is too late, thus reaping the death of his family. The consequences Creon incurs enable him to comprehend that the will of theShow MoreRelated Tragedy In Drama Essay1713 Words   |  7 Pagesworks from Agamemnon to Hamlet, one sees the range of development of the tragic form, from the earliest Greek to the later Shakespearean tragedies. There are two basic concepts of tragedy: the concept introduced by Aristotle in his Poetics, and the concept developed by Frederick Nietzsche in his quot;The Birth of Tragedy.quot; Many dramas can be reviewed to reveal the contrast between these two concepts of tragedy, and demonstrate the development of the tragic form over time. The idea of Greek tragedyRead MoreThe Stranger in Oedipus Essay1467 Words   |  6 Pagesnovels and literary works alike. Albert Camus’ The Stranger depicts a modern system of justice; however, Sophocles Oedipus Rex portrays a simplistic system of justice. Society implements these to prevent the downfall of the human race. Society protects humanity from its own demise by condemning acts of violence. Acts of violence, weather brought on by anger as illustrated in Oedipus Rex or by environmental influences as demonstrated in The Stranger led to the downfall of society. Society sinceRead MoreWhy Are Things Are The Way They Are By Daniel Quinn1482 Words   |  6 PagesDaniel Quinn’s novel Ishmael discusses the aspiration the character Ishmael has toward teaching his student known as the narrator to â€Å"save the world†. Ishmael teaches the narrator to understand and form ideas, based on examining the question â€Å"why are things are the way they are†? Ishmael s teaching help the narrator and the reader explore culture and ourselves in a new light, helping the narrator and the reader understand the quote stating It should be noted that what is crucial to your survivalRead MoreOedipus the King1315 Words   |  6 PagesSeptember 20, 2007 The tragedy of Oedipus Sophocles is one of the best and most well-known ancient Greek tragedians. He influenced the development of drama especially by adding a third character and thereby reducing the importance of the chorus in the presentation of the plot. Even though he wrote 123 plays, he is mostly famous for his three plays concerning Oedipus and Antigone: these are often known as the Theban plays or The Oedipus Cycle. One of these plays is â€Å"Oedipus the King†, which will be discussedRead MoreBeing Human Essay1010 Words   |  5 Pagesthat govern them, humans are not machines because a machine will never amount to a human mind. Machines do not have common sense. They just operate the way they were programmed to. Just like animals will always follow their own cycle of instinct, machines has to follow its cycle of programs, but only a human has the capacity to make a choice. Free will is the quality principle to humans. Again, this is not something humans are born with. The innocence that humans are born into can be seen in theRead MorePsychosexual Development and Human Sexuality1546 Words   |  7 Pagesplayers in understanding psychosexual development and human sexuality are Freud and Alfred Kinsey. To begin understanding what shapes us as people we must look at Sigmund Freuds theory of psychosexual development. Although the name would imply that this development would center around the development of our sexual selves, it is quite the opposite. The fixations occur around erogenous zones of the body. the first of these zones is the mouth. This stage of development is referred to as the oral stageRead MoreCritical Theory in Wuthering Heights1443 Words   |  6 Pagesnovels, many of these conflicts take place within one character then progress into external conflicts between characters. For example what caused Catherine to pick Edgar over Heathcliff? Did she love Edgar more? Or was her love for him forged by her superego as defined in Sigmund Freud’s The Interpretation of Dreams? Even the character herself is unsure of her true desires, which leads to the major conflicts within her, others, and between characters. This is just one of the numerous examples of issuesRead M ore Yank as a Modern Day Oedipus in O Neills Play, The Hairy Ape2274 Words   |  10 PagesYank as a Modern Day Oedipus in O Neills Play, The Hairy Ape The representation of tragedy today has adapted itself to more humanistic, base and symbolic concerns. Often, they are commentaries on society just as much as they are on the nature of man. Although O Neill insists that his play The Hairy Ape is not a tragedy, but rather a dark comedy, the play follows the definition of a tragedy. The basic points that make up a tragedy still remain the same, even if they have to be slightly modifiedRead MoreCyrano As A Tragic Hero1163 Words   |  5 Pagesflaws that help to define Cyrano as a tragic hero in Edmond Rostand’s Cyrano de Bergerac, and it is these same flaws that eventually lead to Cyrano’s tragic fall. However, some of these flaws are also the admirable traits of the large-nosed hero’s character that also help to define him as hero. Due to this fact, Cyrano is able to gain respect from others, but never truly reaches his ultimate goal of having Roxane’s love. While Cyrano never truly experiences Roxaneâ⠂¬â„¢s love, he still manages to makeRead MoreFreud s Theories Of Human Sexual Development Essay1961 Words   |  8 PagesHuman sexual development begins in the womb and traverses the entire life span. From fetal hormonal influences that determine expressed sex to nascent sexual discovery in toddlers, dramatic physical changes during puberty, and sexual partners in adulthood, sexuality follows us throughout every major developmental stage in life (some developmental stages even being defined by sexual changes, e.g. menarche, spermarche, and menopause). With sexuality being such an integral part of the human experience

Monday, December 9, 2019

Musics Affects on Teens Essay Example For Students

Musics Affects on Teens Essay In this study, the purpose of the music can be described on how it affects people and no matter how they fight it, they will end up singing the particular song that catch their attention until the end of the day in which the teenagers call as last song syndrome. Background of the Study and Problem Statement According to a psychiatrist Edward Paddocks, music or its sounds travels to the ears. The nerves of the ears distributed the sound and have more extensive connections making the human body function based on what he/she Just heard (Matt, 2006). Since music has a power to touch the inner-self of the people, as much as influencing their moods or behaviors, what would be the effect of the rock music on the generation of the teenagers? Moreover, the negative effects of it are the main topic for this study. Research Objectives The objectives of the study come in three parts. First is to understand the rock music in the view of the teenagers and how they idealized the rock musicians. Second is to identify the possible negative effects of the rock music on teenagers. And lastly, to establish a well-ground of facts on what is the role of music, not only for teenager but on the entire society. Research Questions The study presented several questions that can help the study in learning the Ruth about the rock music. Through this system, the researcher can estimate the adequate answer which is also suitable to the main problem. 1 . What drives a person to write rock music or involved himself in listening to rock music? 2. What are the different views of the family/parents, singers/songwriters/musicians, and the psychologists on rock music? . What are the impacts created by this genre in changing the face of music industry? Literature Review In the exploration of the past studies, it is said that rock music has an equal heartsickness of drugs, alcohol, and role-playing games of witchcrafts, voodoos, and Dungeons and Dragons. This might be the reason why other clinical experts argued that music can cause violent behavior, changing of attitudes, and une xplainable feeling of depression, happiness, or energetic. Furthermore, music can stimuli the sexual behavior of a person which is based on the rhythm and pornographic images or music videos (Matt, 2006; Chevy, 2007). The irregular beat of the music can control the rhythm of the persons movements such as breathing and walking. This Music Affects on Teens By crystalline 996 the person, making the person sick, or lift up its spirit. Listening to whatever kind of music has been part of the teenagers daily activities, especially with the technologies or gadgets that are handy (Huh, 2001). Apparently, the world-wide influence of the music can be seen on the teenagers. There are evidences that show the negative effect on the ability of the student to think and learn if the student is under the spell of rock music. Students who were found engaged in rock music and peer has a less ointment on their education (Huh, 2001; Matt, 2006). This might be the truth behind the words of Jim Hendrix of 1969, who was considered as the rocks greatest genius, where he finds that through his music he can hypnotize the people and reach their weakest point (Matt, 2006). Rock music has been the necessity for the development of the youth in their search for personal and social identity and this event shows the higher response in the freedom of their choice (Hut, 2001; Chevy, 2007). Methodology The empirical method applied in the study is the use of the interviews. The participants are not asked to reveal their identity because it doesnt play essential role in this activity and the results are clearly based on their opinions. However, the research managed to set the demographic requirements on the participants such as the age, gender, and type of music they are into. .ubbf5ff4cbe2583e95a747eab96637e5c , .ubbf5ff4cbe2583e95a747eab96637e5c .postImageUrl , .ubbf5ff4cbe2583e95a747eab96637e5c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubbf5ff4cbe2583e95a747eab96637e5c , .ubbf5ff4cbe2583e95a747eab96637e5c:hover , .ubbf5ff4cbe2583e95a747eab96637e5c:visited , .ubbf5ff4cbe2583e95a747eab96637e5c:active { border:0!important; } .ubbf5ff4cbe2583e95a747eab96637e5c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubbf5ff4cbe2583e95a747eab96637e5c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubbf5ff4cbe2583e95a747eab96637e5c:active , .ubbf5ff4cbe2583e95a747eab96637e5c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubbf5ff4cbe2583e95a747eab96637e5c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubbf5ff4cbe2583e95a747eab96637e5c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubbf5ff4cbe2583e95a747eab96637e5c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubbf5ff4cbe2583e95a747eab96637e5c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubbf5ff4cbe2583e95a747eab96637e5c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubbf5ff4cbe2583e95a747eab96637e5c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubbf5ff4cbe2583e95a747eab96637e5c .ubbf5ff4cbe2583e95a747eab96637e5c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubbf5ff4cbe2583e95a747eab96637e5c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music and Critical Thinking Questions EssayAnalysis Based on the interviews, most of the participants have less appreciated the rock music. While the other participants who loves the rock music are either wearing the style of their idols or making their own fashion statement for rock music. On the there hand, it is very obvious that the teenagers are pleased to hear the rock music with a combination of gothic preferences or the dark-Goth-rock music or the rock kind of music that involves intense beats which goes in the term of punk-rock music. There are also identified as MEMO or Emotionally Motivated music as a style of rock music that is have more expressive, confessional, and melodramatic lyrics and sounds. Conclusion Music everywhere and it seems like the body moves according to its rhythm and beat and can condition the human mind. As a powerful, it can be also dangerous cause there is a continuous investigation about the relation of the MEMO music in many of the suicidal attempts of the teenagers.

Monday, December 2, 2019

Whiteness an Example by

Whiteness Whiteness refers to the specific racial identity, and in the context of European countries and America to the related privileges as well. Speaking broadly, white identity is the persons internal perception of their external features and traits, more precisely of physical whiteness and the norms and beliefs imposed by the group with the same physical characteristic. White privilege, in this sense, plays and important role in both national and global contexts, in the first meaning because whiteness is a prevailing characteristic, so that those who possess it belong to racial majority; in the latter context because of the social and political history of white population, which had dominated over the world for thousands years. Need essay sample on "Whiteness" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Cultural diversity has today become one of the most prominent sociocultural directions in the United States (Murray, 1991), because of the two tendencies in the contemporary social policy. First of all, multiculturalism was recognized as one of the most important sociopolitical course of Americas development, in addition, immigration regime has become much more lenient over the last two decades, so that the inflow of the members of other nations is increasing from year to year. On the other hand, multicultural or liberal notions of difference are also, at one and the same time, fuel for a rhetoric of dislike or even hate. One always can read a narrative of differentiation either way, depending upon ones largest political and social sensibilities. And unless one can imagine a world composed of nothing but liberal sensibilities, the result of this virulent whiteness and coloredness continues (Murray, 1991, p. 59). This means, already existing in the United States white identity affects non-white immigrants, especially South Asian Americans. S.Mazumdar in the article about South Asians in the America provides an in-depth analysis of the conceptual, mythological and philosophical background of whiteness and connects the outburst of racism and discrimination against non-white population with the development of the so-called neo-Darwinism (Mazumdar, 1989) that explained the survival of the fittest from societal position: due to the fact that American and European empires were the strongest and the most influential, white race was viewed as superior. Later in the 19th century, the theory of Aryan race came into being and reinforced the previous notions of white privilege, as the contemporary scholars assumed that white (Aryan) people actually, who originated from South Asia, were actually an entity that should have been viewed as separate from indigenous population due to tremendously differing physical characteristics. The scholar also states that because of the white absolutism, South Asians in the United States are often confused with other racial minorities, more importantly, react to such comparisons emotionally, due to the ancient Aryan myth that makes them feel colonized people, who still can assimilate into the white population. Furthermore, due to the caste system the regulates social life in India, South Asian Americans need to distinguish themselves from the other racial minorities: In this process of seeking to reiterate caste and religious identity, which is packaged as preserving cultural identity, the immigrants find it necessary to distinguish themselves from all other ethnic groups. Since their skin color automatically sets them apart from the white majority, efforts are focused on differntating themselves from other minorities (Majumdar, 1989, p.51). With regard to the fact that South Asian Americans as well as the objects of their material culture (Hindu temples) are often attacked by vandals and racists, the members of this ethnic minority group often begin to neglect or forget their racial identity in favor of the so-called mainstreaming that includes American cultural and social activities, Am erican customs and, more profoundly, prejudiced approach to other minority groups in attempt to gain a feeling of involvement into the use of white privilege. Shah and Kukke in the article Reflections on Queer South Asian Progressive Activism in the U.S. (2000) analyze the so-called queer movement South Asians participate in. Basically, such organizations are designed for gay South Asian men, as this culture is known for its traditionalism in sexual identity and its intolerance to divergent sexual orientations. More precisely, such individuals need to learn to manifest their sexuality in the ways, which would be both convenient for themselves and socially approved. Moreover, the scholars state that due to numerous obstructions to adequate self-perception (in terms of racial, gender and class identities) in the United States, such South Asian Americans need to more reflective discussion of their sexual orientations, as they belong to two minority groups at the same time ethnic and sexual. The authors also draw the major differences between queer and progressive South Asian Americans, as the latter group is notable ignorant to the needs of sexual minorities, belonging to this ethnic group, whereas add queers and stir approach, utilized by SASA organizers backfired tremendously because of the outright hostility exhibited by the participants (Shah and Kukke, 2000, p.135). Progressive South Asian Americans seek to combat political, social and institutional discrimination against their group, yet they have unconsciously prejudiced approach to sexual minority group that exists within their own. This means, there exists certain extrapolation of discrimination: being discriminated by the white population, South Asian Americans use this pattern of biased attitude when dealing with South Asian homosexuals. Nevertheless, the authors offer rather positive than negative prognosis for the cooperation between the two groups, as the concept of progress should not be limited to purely social context, but rather extended to the ideas of equality in terms of gender and sexuality. Haney-Lopez in his overview of Thinds court case describes the status of South Asian Americans before World War II. The plaintiff required naturalization as a free white (he was identified as Caucasian, a person of Aryan background), but the Court didnt satisfy his petition, referring to the time-honored social perceptions of race. As the author states, After Thind, the naturalization of Asian Indians became legally impossible: Asian Indians were, by law, no longer white persons. Even worse, many Asian Indians, like Thind himself , lost the citizenship they believed secure. In the wake of Thind, the federal government began a campaign to strip naturalized Asian Indians of their citizenship (Haney-Lopez, p. 91). This means, South Asian Americans always sought to approach to legal whiteness (through naturalization), as it provided a number of social opportunities (career, housing and so forth), but they had been long deprived of these facilities (up to the end of the 1960s), although t he strong fixation on the need to acquire whiteness has survived up to the present day. To sum up, South Asian Americans encountered a number of troubles when developing both external (social and behavioral) and internal (self-perception, gender and sexuality) white identities, as they needed to struggle with the unquestionable white privilege, imposed through American bureaucracies and court system. At the present day, they still face the manifestations of racism and are increasingly more eager to assimilate into the white majority. Works cited Haney-Lopez, I. The Prerequisite Cases, pp. 49-53; 79-109. Kukke, S. and Shah, S. Reflections on Queer South Asian Progressive Activism in the U.S. Amerasia Journal, 25 (3) , 1999/2000: pp. 129-137 Mazumdar, S. Racist response to Racism: The Aryan Myth and South Asians in the United States. South Asia Bulletin, 9 (1), 1989: pp. 47-55 Murray, D. Forked Tongues: Speech, Writing and Representation in North American Indian texts. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1991.